<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nodgo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии (РЖДГиО)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-1267</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-5496</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LTD “Graphica”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21682/2311-1267-2024-11-2-54-60</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nodgo-1039</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эпидемиология злокачественных новообразований у детей младшего возраста в Кыргызской Республике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Epidemiology of malignant neoplasms in young children in the Kyrgyz Republic</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-3530</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макимбето</surname><given-names>Э. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makimbetov</surname><given-names>E. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эмил Кожошович Макимбетов: д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой онкологии и лучевой терапии</p><p>Author ID: 956808</p><p>Кыргызская Республика, 720000, Бишкек, ул. Киевская, 44</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Oncology and Radiation Therapy</p><p>44 Kievskaya St., Bishkek, 720000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makimbetovemil@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2526-7032</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Талгат</surname><given-names>Т. У.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Talgat</surname><given-names>T. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач отделения детской онкологии и гематологии</p><p>Кыргызская Республика, Ош, ул. Салиевой, 56</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of the Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology </p><p>56 Salievoy St., Osh</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">talatuulutalgat94@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9682-8085</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., доцент кафедры физики, мединской информатики и биологии</p><p>Кыргызская Республика, 720000, Бишкек, ул. Киевская, 44</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand.оf Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor of the Department of Physics, Medical Informatics and Biology</p><p>44 Kievskaya St., Bishkek, 720000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aasorokin@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4207-0217</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аманкулова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Amankulov</surname><given-names>A. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., врач онкогематологического отделения, ученый секретарь</p><p>Author ID: 1233106</p><p>Кыргызская Республика, Бишкек, ул. Ахунбаева, 190</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. оf Sci. (Med.), Doctor of the Oncohematology Department, Scientific Secretary</p><p>190 Akhunbayeva St., Bishkek</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aytbu.amankulova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7711</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тиллоев</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tilloev</surname><given-names>T. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>хирург-онколог, врач лучевой диагностики и медицинской визуализации, резидент кафедры онкологии и лучевой терапии</p><p>Кыргызская Республика, 720000, Бишкек, ул. Киевская, 44</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Surgeon-Oncologist, Doctor of Radiation Diagnostics and Medical Imaging, Resident of the Department of Oncology and Radiation Therapy</p><p>190 Akhunbayeva St., Bishkek</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.ta.tilloev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-1552</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамашов</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamashov</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры онкологии, оториноларингологии и офтальмологии медицинского факультета</p><p>Author ID: 1109872</p><p>Кыргызская Республика, 723500, Ош, ул. Ленина, 33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. оf Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Oncology, Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine</p><p>33 Lenina St., Osh, 723500</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mamashov74@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГОУ ВПО «Кыргызско-Российский Славянский университет имени первого Президента Российской Федерации Б.Н. Ельцина»</institution><country>Кыргызстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after the first President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin</institution><country>Kyrgyzstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ошская областная детская больница</institution><country>Кыргызстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Osh Regional Children’s Hospital</institution><country>Kyrgyzstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный центр охраны материнства и детства Минздрава Кыргызской Республики</institution><country>Кыргызстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Center for Maternal and Child Health, Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic</institution><country>Kyrgyzstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГОУ ВПО «Кыргызско-Российский Славянский университет имени первого Президента Российской Федерации Б.Н. Ельцина»</institution><country>Кыргызстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Center for Maternal and Child Health, Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic</institution><country>Kyrgyzstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ошский государственный университет</institution><country>Кыргызстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Osh State University</institution><country>Kyrgyzstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Макимбето Э.К., Талгат Т.У., Сорокин А.А., Аманкулова А.А., Тиллоев Т.А., Мамашов Н.М., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Макимбето Э.К., Талгат Т.У., Сорокин А.А., Аманкулова А.А., Тиллоев Т.А., Мамашов Н.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Makimbetov E.K., Talgat T.U., Sorokin A.A., Amankulov A.А., Tilloev T.А., Mamashov N.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nodgo.org/jour/article/view/1039">https://journal.nodgo.org/jour/article/view/1039</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. За последние годы произошли значительные успехи в диагностике и лечении злокачественных опухолей у детей. Увеличение выживаемости и, следовательно, снижение показателей смертности в развитых странах мира связаны не только с улучшением методов диагностики и лечения, но и своевременной регистрацией первичных случаев рака. В мире наблюдается значительная географическая, половозрастная и этническая вариабельность в распространенности рака у детей. Злокачественные новообразования (ЗНО), встречающиеся у детей младшего возраста, часто имеют клинические и биологические свойства, которые отличаются от свойств тех же гистологических типов ЗНО, встречающихся у детей старшего возраста.</p><p>Цель исследования – изучить аспекты дескриптивной эпидемиологии злокачественных опухолей у детей младшего возраста в Кыргызской Республике.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. За 15 лет (2008–2022 гг.), по данным популяционного регистра, было зарегистрировано 517 случаев ЗНО у детей в младшей возрастной группе (0–4 лет). Подсчитаны грубые и стандартизованные по возрасту показатели заболеваемости с использованием мирового стандартного населения в зависимости от пола, возраста, этнической группы и региона. Использованы данные о среднегодовой численности детского населения республики по материалам Национального Статистического Комитета.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Мальчиков было 311 (60,1 %), девочек – 206 (39,9 %). Соотношение по полу составило 1,51. В структуре ЗНО у детей младшего возраста на 1-м месте находились лейкозы – 172 (33 %) случая. На 2-м месте были опухоли почек (нефробластома) – 77 (15 %) случаев. На 3-м месте находилась ретинобластома – 59 (11 %) случаев. Среднегодовой показатель заболеваемости мальчиков в городской популяции был зарегистрирован на уровне 85,7, а в сельской – 54,8 на 1 млн соответствующей популяции (р = 0,023). Заболеваемость среди коренных этнических групп (кыргызов и узбеков) была зарегистрирована на уровне 58,5 и 76,7 соответственно. Отмечено статистически достоверное увеличение показателя заболеваемости ЗНО у детей русской этнической группы (121,7) по сравнению с другими национальностями. Относительно высокие уровни заболеваемости зарегистрированы в г. Бишкеке, Джалал-Абадской и Иссык-Кульской областях.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В младшей возрастной группе заболеваемость ЗНО выше по сравнению со средним и старшим детским возрастом, но относительно ниже, чем в развитых странах мира. Необходимо дальнейшее изучение особенностей распространенности опухолей у детей в Кыргызстане с использованием больших групп и аналитических методов эпидемиологии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Actuality</title><p>Actuality. In recent years, there have been significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors in children. An increase in survival and, consequently, a decrease in mortality rates in developed countries of the world is associated not only with improved methods of diagnosis and treatment, but also with timely registration of primary cancer cases. There is significant geographical, gender, age and ethnic variability in the spread of cancer in children in the world. Cancers found in young children often have clinical and biological properties that differ from those of the same histological type of cancer found in older children.</p></sec><sec><title>The purpose of the study</title><p>The purpose of the study. To study the aspects of descriptive epidemiology of malignant tumors in young children in the Kyrgyz Republic.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Over 15 years (2008–2022), according to the population registry, 517 cases of cancer were registered in children in the younger age group (0–4 years). Crude and age-standardized rates were calculated using the world standard population, depending on gender, age, ethnic group and region. The data on the average annual number of children in the republic based on the materials of the National Statistical Committee were used.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. By gender, there were 311 (60.1 %) boys and 206 (39.9 %) girls. The sex ratio of boys/girls was 1.51. Leukemia was in the first place in the structure of cancer in young children – 172 (33 %) cases or. Kidney tumors (nephroblastoma) were in second place with a frequency of 77 (15 %) cases. The third one had eye tumors (retinoblastoma) with a frequency of 59 (11 %) cases. The average annual incidence of boys in the urban population was registered at 85.7, and in rural areas – 54.8 per 1 million of the corresponding population (p = 0.023). The incidence among indigenous ethnic groups (kyrgyzs and uzbeks) was recorded at 58.5 and 76.7, respectively. There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of cancer in children of the Russian ethnic group (121.7) compared with other nationalities. Relatively high levels of morbidity were registered in Bishkek, Jalal-Abad and Issyk-Kul regions.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p> Conclusion. In the younger age group, the incidence of malignant tumors is higher than in middle and older childhood, but relatively lower than in developed countries. It is necessary to further study the features of the spread of tumors in children in Kyrgyzstan using large groups and analytical methods of epidemiology.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак</kwd><kwd>злокачественные новообразования</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>младший возраст</kwd><kwd>заболеваемость</kwd><kwd>показатель</kwd><kwd>пол</kwd><kwd>этническая группа</kwd><kwd>вариабельность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cancer</kwd><kwd>malignant neoplasms</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>young age</kwd><kwd>morbidity</kwd><kwd>indicator</kwd><kwd>gender</kwd><kwd>ethnic group</kwd><kwd>variability</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed without external funding.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steliarova-Foucher E., Colombet M., Ries L.A.G., Moreno F., Dolya A., Bray F., Hesseling P., Shin H.Y., Stiller C.A.; IICC-3 contributors. International incidence of childhood cancer, 2001–10: a population-based registry study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18 (6):719–31. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30186-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steliarova-Foucher E., Colombet M., Ries L.A.G., Moreno F., Dolya A., Bray F., Hesseling P., Shin H.Y., Stiller C.A.; IICC-3 contributors. International incidence of childhood cancer, 2001–10: a population-based registry study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18 (6):719–31. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30186-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krejci D., Zapletalova M., Svobodová I., Pehalova L., Muzik J., Klimes D., Snajdrova L., Bajciova V., Múdrý P., Kodýtková D, Smelhaus V., Janotova I., Vrzalová A., Luks A., Sterba J., Starý J., Dusek L. Epidemiological Trends for Childhood and Adolescent Cancers in the Period 1994-2016 in the Czech Republic. Klin Onkol. 2019; 32(6):426–35. doi: 10.14735/amko2019426.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krejci D., Zapletalova M., Svobodová I., Pehalova L., Muzik J., Klimes D., Snajdrova L., Bajciova V., Múdrý P., Kodýtková D, Smelhaus V., Janotova I., Vrzalová A., Luks A., Sterba J., Starý J., Dusek L. Epidemiological Trends for Childhood and Adolescent Cancers in the Period 1994-2016 in the Czech Republic. Klin Onkol. 2019; 32(6):426–35. doi: 10.14735/amko2019426.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волкова А.Р., Вахитов Х.М., Кумирова Э.В. Детские злокачественные новообразования и их учет: мировые и отечественные тенденции. Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2020;3(7):64–9. doi: 10.21682/2311-1267-2020-7-3-64-69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkova A.R., Vakhitov H.M., Kumirova E.V. Pediatric malignant neoplasms and their accounting: global and domestic trends. Rossiyskiy zhurnal detskoy gematologii i onkologii = Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2020;3(7):64–9. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Satyanarayana L., Asthana S., Labani P.S. Childhood cancer incidence in India: a review of population-based cancer registries. Indian Pediatr. 2014;51(3):218–20. doi: 10.1007/s13312-014-0377-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Satyanarayana L., Asthana S., Labani P.S. Childhood cancer incidence in India: a review of population-based cancer registries. Indian Pediatr. 2014;51(3):218–20. doi: 10.1007/s13312-014-0377-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isaacs H. Jr. Fetal and neonatal hepatic tumors. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42(11):1797–803. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.07.047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isaacs H. Jr. Fetal and neonatal hepatic tumors. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42(11):1797–803. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.07.047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang C.P., Hung I.J., Jaing T.H., Chang W.H. Cancers in infancy: percent distribution and incidence rates. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2006;47(6):273–7. PMID: 17407977.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang C.P., Hung I.J., Jaing T.H., Chang W.H. Cancers in infancy: percent distribution and incidence rates. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2006;47(6):273–7. PMID: 17407977.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Телешова М.В. Злокачественные рабдоидные опухоли мягких тканей у детей. Обзор литературы. Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2017;4(4):56–66. doi: 10.17650/2311-1267-2017-4-4-56-66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teleshova M.V. Malignant rhabdoid tumors of soft tissues in children. Literature review. Rossiyskiy zhurnal detskoy gematologii i onkologii = Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2017;4(4):56–66. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bao P.P., Li K., Wu C.X., Huang Z.Z., Wang C.F., Xiang Y.M., Peng P., Gong Y.M., Xiao XM, Zheng Y. Recent incidences and trends of childhood malignant solid tumors in Shanghai, 2002–2010. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2013;51(4):288–94. PMID: 23927803.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bao P.P., Li K., Wu C.X., Huang Z.Z., Wang C.F., Xiang Y.M., Peng P., Gong Y.M., Xiao XM, Zheng Y. Recent incidences and trends of childhood malignant solid tumors in Shanghai, 2002–2010. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2013;51(4):288–94. PMID: 23927803.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das S., Kumar Paul D.K., Anshu K., Bhakta S. Childhood Cancer Incidence in India Betweem 2012 and 2014: Report of a Populationbased Cancer Registry. Indian Pediatr. 2017;15(54):1033–6. doi: 10.1007/s13312-017-1207-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das S., Kumar Paul D.K., Anshu K., Bhakta S. Childhood Cancer Incidence in India Betweem 2012 and 2014: Report of a Populationbased Cancer Registry. Indian Pediatr. 2017;15(54):1033–6. doi: 10.1007/s13312-017-1207-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang C.P., Hung I.J., Jaing T.H., Shih L.Y., Chang W.H. Cancer in infants: a review of 82 cases. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2005;22(6):463–81. doi: 10.108008880010591002233.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang C.P., Hung I.J., Jaing T.H., Shih L.Y., Chang W.H. Cancer in infants: a review of 82 cases. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2005;22(6):463–81. doi: 10.108008880010591002233.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пролесковская И.В., Быданов О.И., Конопля Н.Е. Эпидемиология нейробластомы у детей в Республике Беларусь. Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2021;1(8):35–42. doi: 10.21682/2311-1267-2021-8-1-35-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proleskovskaya I.V., Bydanov O.I., Konoplya N.E. Epidemiology of neuroblastoma in children in the Republic of Belarus. Rossiyskiy zhurnal detskoy gematologii i onkologii =Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2021;1(8):35–42. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siegel D.A., King J.B., Lupo P.J., Durbin E.B., Tai E., Mills K., Van Dyne E., Buchanan Lunsford N., Henley S.J., Wilson R.J. Counts, incidence rates, and trends of pediatric cancer in the United States, 2003–2019. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2023;115(11):1337–54. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djad115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siegel D.A., King J.B., Lupo P.J., Durbin E.B., Tai E., Mills K., Van Dyne E., Buchanan Lunsford N., Henley S.J., Wilson R.J. Counts, incidence rates, and trends of pediatric cancer in the United States, 2003–2019. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2023;115(11):1337–54. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djad115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kodytkova D., Bajciova V., Krejci D., Zapletalova M., Dusek V., Jarkovsky J., Muzik J., Klimes D., Stary J., Smelhaus V., Vrzalova A., Janotova I., Sterba J., Dusek L. Trends in incidence of childhood cancers in the Czech Republic: population-based analysis of national registries (1994–2014). Neoplasma. 2018;65(4):620–9. doi: 10.4149/neo_2018_170517N358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kodytkova D., Bajciova V., Krejci D., Zapletalova M., Dusek V., Jarkovsky J., Muzik J., Klimes D., Stary J., Smelhaus V., Vrzalova A., Janotova I., Sterba J., Dusek L. Trends in incidence of childhood cancers in the Czech Republic: population-based analysis of national registries (1994–2014). Neoplasma. 2018;65(4):620–9. doi: 10.4149/neo_2018_170517N358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">AIRTUM Working Group; CCM; AIEOP Working Group. Italian cancer fi gures, report 2012: Cancer in children and adolescents. Epidemiol Prev. 2013;37(1 Suppl 1):1–225. PMID: 23585445.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">AIRTUM Working Group; CCM; AIEOP Working Group. Italian cancer fi gures, report 2012: Cancer in children and adolescents. Epidemiol Prev. 2013;37(1 Suppl 1):1–225. PMID: 23585445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bao P.P., Zheng Y., Wang C.F., Gu K., Jin F., Lu W. Time trends and characteristics of childhood cancer among children age 0–14 in Shanghai. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;53(1):13–6. doi: 10.1002/pbc.21939.DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21939.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bao P.P., Zheng Y., Wang C.F., Gu K., Jin F., Lu W. Time trends and characteristics of childhood cancer among children age 0–14 in Shanghai. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;53(1):13–6. doi: 10.1002/pbc.21939.DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21939.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isaacs H. Jr. Perinatal (fetal and neonatal) germ cell tumors. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(7):1003–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.03.045.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isaacs H. Jr. Perinatal (fetal and neonatal) germ cell tumors. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(7):1003–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.03.045.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heck J.E., Lombardi C.A., Cockburn M., Meyers T.J., Wilhelm M., Ritz B. Epidemiology of rhabdoid tumors of early childhood. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(1):77–81. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heck J.E., Lombardi C.A., Cockburn M., Meyers T.J., Wilhelm M., Ritz B. Epidemiology of rhabdoid tumors of early childhood. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(1):77–81. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24141.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krejci D., Zapletlova M., Svobodova I., Viera Bajciova V., Mudry P., Smelhaus V., Sterba J., Stary J., Capocaccia R., Dusek L. Childhood cancer epidemiology in the Czech Republic (1994–2016). Cancer Epidemiol. 2020;69:101848. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krejci D., Zapletlova M., Svobodova I., Viera Bajciova V., Mudry P., Smelhaus V., Sterba J., Stary J., Capocaccia R., Dusek L. Childhood cancer epidemiology in the Czech Republic (1994–2016). Cancer Epidemiol. 2020;69:101848. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhatia S., Sather H.N., Heerema N.A., Trigg M.E., Gaynon P.S., Robison L.L. Racial and ethnic diff erences in survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2002;100(6):1957–64. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0395.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhatia S., Sather H.N., Heerema N.A., Trigg M.E., Gaynon P.S., Robison L.L. Racial and ethnic diff erences in survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2002;100(6):1957–64. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0395.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fathi A., Bahadoram M., Amani F. Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer in Northwest Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(13):5459–62. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.13.5459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fathi A., Bahadoram M., Amani F. Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer in Northwest Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(13):5459–62. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.13.5459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
