<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nodgo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии (РЖДГиО)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-1267</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-5496</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LTD “Graphica”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21682/2311-1267-2024-11-3-46-59</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nodgo-1071</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERATURE REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современный взгляд на феномен трилатеральной ретинобластомы с позиций офтальмоонкологии и нейроонкологии. Часть I. Обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A modern view of the phenomenon of trilateral retinoblastoma from the positions of ophthalmic oncology and neurooncology. Part I. Literature review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5081-3964</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левашов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Levashov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Сергеевич Левашов - к.м.н., старший научный сотрудник детского онкологического отделения хирургических методов лечения с проведением химиотерапии № 1 (опухолей головы и шеи) НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина, старший научный сотрудник 1-го детского нейрохирургического отделения НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н.Н. Бурденко, SPIN-код: 5036-5214.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23; 125047, Москва, ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher of the Children’s Oncology Department of Surgical Treatment Methods with Chemotherapy No. 1 (Head and Neck Tumors) of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences L.A. Durnov at N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Senior Researcher of the 1st Children Neurosurgical Department at N.N. Burdenko NMRCN.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522; 16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow, 125047</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andreyslevashov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0634-3314</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серов</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Serov</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-офтальмолог детского онкологического отделения хирургических методов лечения с проведением химиотерапии № 1 (опухолей головы и шеи) НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ophthalmologist of the Children’s Oncology Department of Surgical Treatment Methods with Chemotherapy No. 1 (Head and Neck Tumors) of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the RAMS L.A. Durnov.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serov010@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9619-2136</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушакова</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushakova</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник детского онкологического отделения хирургических методов лечения с проведением химиотерапии № 1 (опухолей головы и шеи) НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина, профессор кафедры детской онкологии им. акад. Л.А. Дурнова РМАНПО.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23; 125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher of the Children’s Oncology Department of Surgical Treatment Methods with Chemotherapy No. 1 (Head and Neck Tumors) of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences L.A. Durnov at N.N. Blokhin NMRCN, Professor at the Department of Pediatric Oncology named after Academician L.A. Durnov at RAM of Continuing Professional Education, MHR.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522; Bldg. 1, 2/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ushtat07@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2197-8863</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зеленова</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zelenova</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-генетик поликлинического отделения НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Geneticist Polyclinic Department of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the RAMS L.A. Durnov at N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, MHR.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zelenovayeye@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5402-062X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горовцова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorovtsova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-офтальмолог детского онкологического отделения хирургических методов лечения с проведением химиотерапии № 1 (опухолей головы и шеи) НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ophthalmologist of the Children’s Oncology Department of Surgical Treatment Methods with Chemotherapy No. 1 (Head and Neck Tumors) of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the RAMS L.A. Durnov at N.N. Blokhin NMRCN.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o25091977@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4601-4726</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Югай</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yugay</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-офтальмолог поликлинического отделения НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ophthalmologist Polyclinic Department of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the RAMS L.A. Durnov at N.N. Blokhin NMRCN.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yuga1983@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8096-0874</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поляков</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakov</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Академик РАН, д.м.н., профессор, советник директора и заведующий детским онкологическим отделением хирургических методов лечения с проведением химиотерапии № 1 (опухолей головы и шеи) НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина, заведующий кафедрой детской онкологии им. акад. Л.А. Дурнова РМАНПО.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23; 125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Academician of RAS, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Advisor to the Director and Head of the of the Children’s Oncology Department of Surgical Treatment Methods with Chemotherapy No. 1 (Head and Neck Tumors) of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the RAMS L.A. Durnov at N.N. Blokhin NMRCN, Head of the Pediatric Oncology Department named after Academician L.A. Durnov at RMAPE, MHR.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522; Bldg. 1, 2/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vgp-04@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7206-6365</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryzhova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., заведующая патологоанатомическим отделением НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н.Н. Бурденко.</p><p>125047, Москва, ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Pathology Department at N.N. Burdenko NMRCN.</p><p>16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow, 125047</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mrizhova@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7297-5240</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Строганова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stroganova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., заведующая лабораторией молекулярно-генетической диагностики отдела морфологической и молекулярногенетической диагностики опухолей Консультативно-диагностического центра НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics, Department of Morphological and Molecular Genetic Diagnostics of Tumors, Consultative and Diagnostic Center at N.N. Blokhin NMRCN.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stroganova_am@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-7719</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., научный сотрудник лаборатории эпигенетики, врач-лабораторный генетик лаборатории молекулярно-генетической диагностики-2 МГНЦ им. акад. Н.П. Бочкова.</p><p>115522, Москва, ул. Москворечье, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. of Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher Laboratory of Epigenetics, Laboratory Geneticist Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics-2 at RCMG named after Academician N.P. Bochkov.</p><p>1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ekater.alekseeva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4313-2877</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мусатова</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Musatova</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., заведующая лабораторией, врач-лабораторный генетик лаборатории молекулярно-генетической диагностики-2 МГНЦ им. акад. Н.П. Бочкова.</p><p>115522, Москва, ул. Москворечье, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. of Sci. (Biol.), Laboratory Geneticist, Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics-2 at RCMG named after Academician N.P. Bochkov.</p><p>1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shkarupo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0984-2039</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горелышев</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorelyshev</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий 1-м детским нейрохирургическим отделением НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н.Н. Бурденко.</p><p>125047, Москва, ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the 1st Children Neurosurgical Department at N.N. Burdenko NMRCN.</p><p>16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow, 125047</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sgorel@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5879-1333</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кадыров</surname><given-names>Ш. У.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kadyrov</surname><given-names>Sh. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., врач-нейрохирург 1-го детского нейрохирургического отделения НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н.Н. Бурденко.</p><p>125047, Москва, ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Neurosurgeon of the 1st Children Neurosurgical Department at N.N. Burdenko NMRCN.</p><p>16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow, 125047</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">skadirov@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8484-9284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьева</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoryeva</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-детский онколог 1-го детского нейрохирургического отделения НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н.Н. Бурденко.</p><p>125047, Москва, ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pediatric Oncologist of the 1st Children Neurosurgical Department at N.N. Burdenko NMRCN.</p><p>16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow, 125047</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mmmarinavladi@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0528-3228</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шершакова</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shershakova</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-детский онколог 1-го детского нейрохирургического отделения НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н.Н. Бурденко.</p><p>125047, Москва, ул. 4-я Тверская-Ямская, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pediatric Oncologist of the 1st Children Neurosurgical Department at N.N. Burdenko NMRCN.</p><p>16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow, 125047</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexandrafabrisenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-7496</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., заведующая детским отделением рентгенодиагностики Консультативно-диагностического центра НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Pediatric Radiology Department of Consultative and Diagnostic Center at N.N. Blokhin NMRCN.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elena_1357@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4870-4012</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кашанина</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashanina</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-рентгенолог детского отделения рентгенодиагностики Консультативно-диагностического центра НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Radiologist of the Pediatric Radiology Department of Consultative and Diagnostic Center at N.N. Blokhin NMRCN.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.kashanina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2391-4142</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григоренко</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigorenko</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-радиотерапевт, заведующий радиотерапевтическим отделением НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Radiotherapist, Head of the Radiotherapy Department of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the RAMS L.A. Durnov at N.N. Blokhin NMRCN.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oncogrigorenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России; ФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр нейрохирургии имени академика Н.Н. Бурденко» Минздрава России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia; N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр нейрохирургии имени академика Н.Н. Бурденко» Минздрава России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр имени академика Н.П. Бочкова»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">N.P. Bochkov Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Ministry of Health of Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Левашов А.С., Серов Ю.А., Ушакова Т.Л., Зеленова Е.Е., Горовцова О.В., Югай О.В., Поляков В.Г., Рыжова М.В., Строганова А.М., Алексеева Е.А., Мусатова В.В., Горелышев С.К., Кадыров Ш.У., Григорьева М.В., Шершакова А.И., Михайлова Е.В., Кашанина А.Л., Григоренко В.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Левашов А.С., Серов Ю.А., Ушакова Т.Л., Зеленова Е.Е., Горовцова О.В., Югай О.В., Поляков В.Г., Рыжова М.В., Строганова А.М., Алексеева Е.А., Мусатова В.В., Горелышев С.К., Кадыров Ш.У., Григорьева М.В., Шершакова А.И., Михайлова Е.В., Кашанина А.Л., Григоренко В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Levashov A.S., Serov Y.A., Ushakova T.L., Zelenova E.E., Gorovtsova O.V., Yugay O.V., Polyakov V.G., Ryzhova M.V., Stroganova A.M., Alekseeva E.A., Musatova V.V., Gorelyshev S.K., Kadyrov S.U., Grigoryeva M.V., Shershakova A.I., Mikhailova E.V., Kashanina A.L., Grigorenko V.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nodgo.org/jour/article/view/1071">https://journal.nodgo.org/jour/article/view/1071</self-uri><abstract><p>Феномен трилатеральной ретинобластомы (ТРБ) представляет собой сочетание билатеральной ретинобластомы (РБ) (в большинстве случаев) и пинеобластомы (ПБ) молекулярной группы А.</p><p>Изучение данного феномена продолжается более 30 лет, носит междисциплинарный характер и включает 2 концептуальные точки зрения с позиций офтальмоонкологии и нейроонкологии.</p><p>Частота выявления данного феномена варьирует от 0,75 до 2 % во всей исследовательской группе и от 2,1 до 3,5 % в структуре билатеральных форм. Внутриглазное поражение в 91,5 % клинических наблюдений было представлено билатеральным вариантом. Интракраниальное расположение опухолевого очага в проекции пинеальной зоны выявлено в 73,3 % случаев, супраселлярной локализации – в 20 %. Соотношение синхронных и метахронных вариантов течения заболевания носит гетерогенный разнонаправленный характер и варьирует от 1,3:1 (по данным крупных ретроспективных и проспективных исследований Y. Zhang, X. Fang, T. Gui, S. Qureshi et al.) до 1:2,1–1:4 (по данным метааналитических работ M.C. DeJong, R. Yamanaka et al.). Все случаи ТРБ были выявлены в возрасте до 60 месяцев, синхронный вариант – в возрасте до 36 месяцев в большинстве клинических наблюдений.</p><p>Изучение морфологических и молекулярно-биологических характеристик опухолевого субстрата у детей с ТРБ в настоящее время носит разобщенный характер в отношении внутриглазного и интракраниального сегментов данного феномена, РБ и ПБ соответственно. При этом наиболее значимыми характеристиками являются определение герминальной мутации в гене RB1 в образцах крови, оценка экспрессии белков RB1, TFF1, варианта мутационного события в гене RB1, наличия амплификации гена N-MYC, увеличения количества копий 1q, потери 16q в опухолевом субстрате внутриглазной и/или пинеальной/супраселлярной локализации.</p><p>В лечении детей с феноменом ТРБ применяются как комплексные протоколы, так и индивидуальные программы терапии. Оптимальная терапевтическая стратегия неизвестна.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Trilateral retinoblastoma (TRb) phenomenon is a combination of bilateral retinoblastoma (Rb) (in most cases) and molecular group A pineoblastoma (Pb).</p><p>The study of this phenomenon has been going on for more than 30 years, is interdisciplinary in nature and includes two conceptual points of view from the positions of ophthalmic oncology and neurooncology.</p><p>The frequency of this phenomenon detection varies from 0.75 to 2 % in the entire research group and from 2.1 to 3.5 % in the structure of bilateral forms. Intraocular lesions were presented by a bilateral variant in 91.5 % of clinical cases. Intracranial tumor in the pineal gland projection was detected in 73.3 % of cases, suprasellar localization – in 20 %. The ratio of synchronous and metachronous disease variants is heterogeneous and multidirectional and varies from 1,3:1 (according to large retrospective and prospective studies of Y. Zhang, X. Fang, T. Gui, S. Qureshi et al.) to 1:2,1–1:4 (according to meta-analysis of M.C. DeJong, R. Yamanaka et al.). All TRb cases were detected before the age of 60 months; the synchronous variant was detected before the age of 36 months in most clinical cases.</p><p>Morphological and molecular biological study of the tumor substrate in children with TRb is currently disjointed in relation to the intraocular and intracranial segments of this phenomenon, Rb and Pb respectively.</p><p>The most significant characteristics presented by determination of the germline RB1 gene mutation in blood samples, assessment of RB1, TFF1 proteins expression, a variant of the mutational event in the RB1 gene, the presence of N-MYC gene amplification, 1q gain, 16q loss in the tumor substrate of intraocular and/or pineal/suprasellar localization.</p><p>In the treatment of children with the TRb phenomenon, both complex protocols and individual therapy programs are used. The optimal therapeutic strategy is unknown.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>трилатеральная ретинобластома</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>клиническая картина</kwd><kwd>молекулярная биология</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>trilateral retinoblastoma</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>clinical data</kwd><kwd>molecular biology</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование проведено без спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bader J.L., Miller R.W., Meadows A.T., Zimmerman L.E., Champion L.A., Voute P.A. Trilateral retinoblastoma. Lancet. 1980;2(8194):582–3. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)92009-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bader J.L., Miller R.W., Meadows A.T., Zimmerman L.E., Champion L.A., Voute P.A. Trilateral retinoblastoma. Lancet. 1980;2(8194):582–3. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)92009-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Jong M.C., Kors W.A., De Graf P., Castelijns J.A., Kivela T., Moll A.C. Trilateral retinoblastoma: a systematic review and meta – analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(10):1157–67. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70336-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Jong M.C., Kors W.A., De Graf P., Castelijns J.A., Kivela T., Moll A.C. Trilateral retinoblastoma: a systematic review and meta – analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(10):1157–67. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70336-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Jong M.C., Shaikh F., Gallie B., Kors W.A., Jansen R.W., Dommering C., De Graf P., Moll A.C., Dimaras H., Shroﬀ M., Kivela T., Soliman S.E. Asynchronous pineoblastoma is more likely after early diagnosis of retinoblastoma: a meta-analysis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100(1):e47–52. doi: 10.1111/aos.14855.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Jong M.C., Shaikh F., Gallie B., Kors W.A., Jansen R.W., Dommering C., De Graf P., Moll A.C., Dimaras H., Shroﬀ M., Kivela T., Soliman S.E. Asynchronous pineoblastoma is more likely after early diagnosis of retinoblastoma: a meta-analysis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100(1):e47–52. doi: 10.1111/aos.14855.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu A.P.Y., Gudenas B., Lin T., Orr B.A., Klimo P. Jr, Rahul Kumar R., Bouﬀet E., Gururangan S., John R., Crawford J.R., Stewart J., Kellie S.J., Chintagumpala M., Fisher M.J., Daniel C., Bowers D.C., Hassall T., Indelicato D.J., Onar-Thomas A., David W., Ellison D.W., Frederick A., Boop F.A., Merchant T.E., Robinson G.W., Northcott P.A., Gajjar A. Risk-adapted therapy and biological heterogeneity in pineoblastoma: integrated clinic-pathological analysis from the prospective, multi-center SJMB03 and SJYC07 trials. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;139(2):259–71. doi: 10.1007/s00401-019-02106-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu A.P.Y., Gudenas B., Lin T., Orr B.A., Klimo P. Jr, Rahul Kumar R., Bouﬀet E., Gururangan S., John R., Crawford J.R., Stewart J., Kellie S.J., Chintagumpala M., Fisher M.J., Daniel C., Bowers D.C., Hassall T., Indelicato D.J., Onar-Thomas A., David W., Ellison D.W., Frederick A., Boop F.A., Merchant T.E., Robinson G.W., Northcott P.A., Gajjar A. Risk-adapted therapy and biological heterogeneity in pineoblastoma: integrated clinic-pathological analysis from the prospective, multi-center SJMB03 and SJYC07 trials. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;139(2):259–71. doi: 10.1007/s00401-019-02106-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu A.P.Y., Li B.K., Pfaﬀ E., Gudenas B., Vasiljevic A., Orr B.A., Dufour C., Snuderl M., Matthias A., Karajannis M.A., Rosenblum M.K., Hwang E.I., Ng H.-K., Jordan R., Hansford J.R., Szathmari A., Faure-Conter C., Merchant T.E., Levine M., Bouvier N., von Hoﬀ K., Martin Mynarek M., Rutkowski S., Sahm F., Kool M., Hawkins C., Onar-Thomas A., Robinson G.W., Gajjar A., Pfister S.M., Bouﬀet E., Northcott P.A., David T.W., Jones D.T.W., Huang A. Clinical and molecular heterogeneity of pineal parenchymal tumors: a consensus study. Acta Neuropathol. 2021;141(5):771–85. doi: 10.1007/s00401-021-02284-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu A.P.Y., Li B.K., Pfaﬀ E., Gudenas B., Vasiljevic A., Orr B.A., Dufour C., Snuderl M., Matthias A., Karajannis M.A., Rosenblum M.K., Hwang E.I., Ng H.-K., Jordan R., Hansford J.R., Szathmari A., Faure-Conter C., Merchant T.E., Levine M., Bouvier N., von Hoﬀ K., Martin Mynarek M., Rutkowski S., Sahm F., Kool M., Hawkins C., Onar-Thomas A., Robinson G.W., Gajjar A., Pfister S.M., Bouﬀet E., Northcott P.A., David T.W., Jones D.T.W., Huang A. Clinical and molecular heterogeneity of pineal parenchymal tumors: a consensus study. Acta Neuropathol. 2021;141(5):771–85. doi: 10.1007/s00401-021-02284-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu J., Ottaviani D., Sefta M., Desbrousses C., Chapeaublanc E., Aschero R., Sirab N., Lubieniecki F., Lamas G., Tonon L., Dehainault C., Hua C., Freneaux P., Reichman S., Karboul N., Biton A., Mirabal-Ortega L., Larcher M., Brulard C., Arrufat S., Nicolas A., Elarouci N., Popova T., Nemati F., Decaudin D., Gentien D., Baulande S., Mariani O., Dufour F., Guibert S., Vallot C., Lumbroso-Le Rouic L., Matet A., Desjardins L., Pascual-Pasto G., Sunol M., Catala-Mora J., Correa Llano G., Couturier J., Barillot E., Schaiquevich P., Gauthier-Villars M., Stoppa-Lyonnet D., Golmard L., Houdayer C., Brisse H., Bernard-Pierrot I., Letouze E., Viari A., Saule S., Sastre-Garau X., Doz F., Carcaboso A.M., Cassoux N., Pouponnot C., Goureau O., Chantada G., De Reynies A., Aerts I., Radvanyi F. A high-risk retinoblastoma subtype with stemness features, dediﬀerentiated cone states and neuronsal/ganglion cell gene expression. Nut Commun. 2021;12(1):55–78. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25792-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu J., Ottaviani D., Sefta M., Desbrousses C., Chapeaublanc E., Aschero R., Sirab N., Lubieniecki F., Lamas G., Tonon L., Dehainault C., Hua C., Freneaux P., Reichman S., Karboul N., Biton A., Mirabal-Ortega L., Larcher M., Brulard C., Arrufat S., Nicolas A., Elarouci N., Popova T., Nemati F., Decaudin D., Gentien D., Baulande S., Mariani O., Dufour F., Guibert S., Vallot C., Lumbroso-Le Rouic L., Matet A., Desjardins L., Pascual-Pasto G., Sunol M., Catala-Mora J., Correa Llano G., Couturier J., Barillot E., Schaiquevich P., Gauthier-Villars M., Stoppa-Lyonnet D., Golmard L., Houdayer C., Brisse H., Bernard-Pierrot I., Letouze E., Viari A., Saule S., Sastre-Garau X., Doz F., Carcaboso A.M., Cassoux N., Pouponnot C., Goureau O., Chantada G., De Reynies A., Aerts I., Radvanyi F. A high-risk retinoblastoma subtype with stemness features, dediﬀerentiated cone states and neuronsal/ganglion cell gene expression. Nut Commun. 2021;12(1):55–78. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25792-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plaﬀ E., Aichmuller C., Sill M., Stichel D., Snuderl M., Karajannis M.A., Schuhmann M.U., Schittenhelm J., Hasselblatt M., Thomas C., Korshunov A., Rhizova M., Wittmann A., Kaufhold A., Iskar M., Ketteler P., Lohmann D., Orr B.A., Ellison D.W., Von Hoﬀ K., Mynarek M., Rutkowsky S., Sahm F., Von Deimling A., Jones D.T.W. Molecular subgrouping of primary pineal parenchymal tumors reveals distinct subtypes correlated with clinical parameters and genetic alterations. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;139(2):243–57. doi: 10.1007/s00401-019-02101-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plaﬀ E., Aichmuller C., Sill M., Stichel D., Snuderl M., Karajannis M.A., Schuhmann M.U., Schittenhelm J., Hasselblatt M., Thomas C., Korshunov A., Rhizova M., Wittmann A., Kaufhold A., Iskar M., Ketteler P., Lohmann D., Orr B.A., Ellison D.W., Von Hoﬀ K., Mynarek M., Rutkowsky S., Sahm F., Von Deimling A., Jones D.T.W. Molecular subgrouping of primary pineal parenchymal tumors reveals distinct subtypes correlated with clinical parameters and genetic alterations. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;139(2):243–57. doi: 10.1007/s00401-019-02101-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamanaka R., Hayano A., Takashima Y. Trilateral retinoblastoma: a systematic review of 211 cases. Neurosurg Rev. 2019;42(1):39–48. doi: 10.1007/s10143-017-0890-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamanaka R., Hayano A., Takashima Y. Trilateral retinoblastoma: a systematic review of 211 cases. Neurosurg Rev. 2019;42(1):39–48. doi: 10.1007/s10143-017-0890-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siegel D.A., King J.B., Lipo P.J., Durbin E.B., Tai E., Mills K., Van Dyne E., Lunsford N.B., Henley S.J., Wilson R.J. Counts, incidence rates, and trends of pediatric cancer in the United States, 2003–2019. JNCI. 2023;115(11):1337–54. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djad115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siegel D.A., King J.B., Lipo P.J., Durbin E.B., Tai E., Mills K., Van Dyne E., Lunsford N.B., Henley S.J., Wilson R.J. Counts, incidence rates, and trends of pediatric cancer in the United States, 2003–2019. JNCI. 2023;115(11):1337–54. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djad115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greppin K., Cioﬃ G., Waite K.A., Ostrom Q.T., Landi D., Takaoka K., Kruchko C., Barnholtz-Sloan J.S. Epidemiology of pineoblastoma in the United States, 2000–2017. Neurooncol Pract. 2022;9(2):149–57. doi: 10.1093/nop/npac009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greppin K., Cioﬃ G., Waite K.A., Ostrom Q.T., Landi D., Takaoka K., Kruchko C., Barnholtz-Sloan J.S. Epidemiology of pineoblastoma in the United States, 2000–2017. Neurooncol Pract. 2022;9(2):149–57. doi: 10.1093/nop/npac009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y., Wang Y.-Z., Shi J.-T., Ma J.-M., Li B., Zhang W.-L., Gu H.-L., Zhou Y., Mei Y.-Y., Li S., Liu T.-T., Jiang L.B., Zhao H.-S., Ge X., Hu H.-M., Zhi T., Huang D.-S. Clinical analysis of 2790 children with retinoblastoma: a single-center experience in China. World J Pediatr. 2023;19(12):1169–80. doi: 10.1007/s12519-023-00719-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y., Wang Y.-Z., Shi J.-T., Ma J.-M., Li B., Zhang W.-L., Gu H.-L., Zhou Y., Mei Y.-Y., Li S., Liu T.-T., Jiang L.B., Zhao H.-S., Ge X., Hu H.-M., Zhi T., Huang D.-S. Clinical analysis of 2790 children with retinoblastoma: a single-center experience in China. World J Pediatr. 2023;19(12):1169–80. doi: 10.1007/s12519-023-00719-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fang X., Wang Y., Yin J., Guo Y., Jia L., Zhang C., Jin M., Ni X., Zhao J. Clinical features and survival of Chinese children with trilateral retinoblastoma during 2006–2019: a retrospective multicenter study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;223:184–92. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.10.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fang X., Wang Y., Yin J., Guo Y., Jia L., Zhang C., Jin M., Ni X., Zhao J. Clinical features and survival of Chinese children with trilateral retinoblastoma during 2006–2019: a retrospective multicenter study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;223:184–92. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.10.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gui T., Zheng H., Liu M., Xia Z., Ji X., Yin Q., Wang D., Li Y., Chen S. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of 14 patients with trilateral retinoblastoma. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2021;11(4):1458–69. doi: 10.21037/qims-20-605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gui T., Zheng H., Liu M., Xia Z., Ji X., Yin Q., Wang D., Li Y., Chen S. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of 14 patients with trilateral retinoblastoma. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2021;11(4):1458–69. doi: 10.21037/qims-20-605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qureshi S., Francis J.H., Haque S.S., Dunkel I.J., Souweidane M.M., Friedman D.N., Abramson D.H. Magnetic resonance imaging screening for trilateral retinoblastoma: the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center experience 2006–2016. Ophthalmol Retina. 2020;4(3):327–35. doi: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.10.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qureshi S., Francis J.H., Haque S.S., Dunkel I.J., Souweidane M.M., Friedman D.N., Abramson D.H. Magnetic resonance imaging screening for trilateral retinoblastoma: the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center experience 2006–2016. Ophthalmol Retina. 2020;4(3):327–35. doi: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.10.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li B.K., Vasiljevic A., Dufour C., Yao F., Ho B.L.B., Lu M., Hwang E.I., Gururangan S., Hansford J.R., Fouladi M., Nobusawa S., Laquerriere A., Delisle M-B., Fangusaro J., Forest B., Toledano H., Solano-Paez P., Leary S., Birks D., Hoﬀman L.M., Szathmari A., Faure-Conter C., Fan X., Catchpoole D., Zhou L., Schultz K.A.P., Ichimura K., Gauchotte G., Jabado N., Jones C., Loussouarn D., Mokhtary K., Rousseau A., Ziegler D.S., Tanaka S., Pomeroy S.L., Gajjar A., Ramaswamy V., Hawkins C., Grundy R.G., Hill D.A., Bouﬀet E., Huang A., Jouvet A. Pineoblastoma segregates into molecular sub-groups with distinct clinico-pathologic features: a Rare Brain Tumor Consortium registry study. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;139(2):223–41. doi: 10.1007/s00401-019-02111-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li B.K., Vasiljevic A., Dufour C., Yao F., Ho B.L.B., Lu M., Hwang E.I., Gururangan S., Hansford J.R., Fouladi M., Nobusawa S., Laquerriere A., Delisle M-B., Fangusaro J., Forest B., Toledano H., Solano-Paez P., Leary S., Birks D., Hoﬀman L.M., Szathmari A., Faure-Conter C., Fan X., Catchpoole D., Zhou L., Schultz K.A.P., Ichimura K., Gauchotte G., Jabado N., Jones C., Loussouarn D., Mokhtary K., Rousseau A., Ziegler D.S., Tanaka S., Pomeroy S.L., Gajjar A., Ramaswamy V., Hawkins C., Grundy R.G., Hill D.A., Bouﬀet E., Huang A., Jouvet A. Pineoblastoma segregates into molecular sub-groups with distinct clinico-pathologic features: a Rare Brain Tumor Consortium registry study. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;139(2):223–41. doi: 10.1007/s00401-019-02111-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milman T., Grossniklaus H.E., Goldman-Lervy G., Kivela T.T., Coupland S.E., White V.A., Mudhar S.H., Eberhart C.G., Verdijk R.M., Heegaard S., Gill A.J., Jager M.J., Rodriguez-Reyers A.A., Esmaeli B., Hodge J.C., Cree I.A. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization of tumors of the eye and orbit. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2023;9(3–4):71–95. doi: 10.1159/000530730.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milman T., Grossniklaus H.E., Goldman-Lervy G., Kivela T.T., Coupland S.E., White V.A., Mudhar S.H., Eberhart C.G., Verdijk R.M., Heegaard S., Gill A.J., Jager M.J., Rodriguez-Reyers A.A., Esmaeli B., Hodge J.C., Cree I.A. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization of tumors of the eye and orbit. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2023;9(3–4):71–95. doi: 10.1159/000530730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Louis D.N., Perry A., Wesseling P., Brat D.J., Cree I.A., Figarella-Branger D., Hawkins C., Ng N.K., Pfister S.M., Reifenberger G., Soﬃetti R., Von Deimling A., Ellison D.W. The 2021 WHO Classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(8):1231–51. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noab106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Louis D.N., Perry A., Wesseling P., Brat D.J., Cree I.A., Figarella-Branger D., Hawkins C., Ng N.K., Pfister S.M., Reifenberger G., Soﬃetti R., Von Deimling A., Ellison D.W. The 2021 WHO Classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(8):1231–51. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noab106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agarwal A., Bathla G., Soni N., Desai A., Ajmera P., Rao D., Gupta V., Vibhute P. Newly recognized genetic tumor syndromes of the CNS in the 5th WHO Classification: imaging overview with genetic updates. Am J Neuroradiol. 2024;45(2):128–38. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A8039.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agarwal A., Bathla G., Soni N., Desai A., Ajmera P., Rao D., Gupta V., Vibhute P. Newly recognized genetic tumor syndromes of the CNS in the 5th WHO Classification: imaging overview with genetic updates. Am J Neuroradiol. 2024;45(2):128–38. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A8039.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aschero A., Ganiewich D., Lamas G., Restrepo-Perdomo C.A., Ottaviani D., Zugbi S., Camarero S., Nespoli E., Vilanova M.C., Perez-Jaume S., Pascual-Pasto G., Sampor C., Grigorovski N., Salas B., Sunol M., Carcaboso A.M., Mora J., De Davila M.T.G., Doz F., Radvanyi F., Abramson D.H., Llera A.S., Schaiquevich P.S., Lubieniecki F., Chantada G.L. Immunohistochemical expression of TFF1 is a marker of poor prognosis in retinoblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2023;71(1):e30717. doi: 10.1002/pbc.30717.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aschero A., Ganiewich D., Lamas G., Restrepo-Perdomo C.A., Ottaviani D., Zugbi S., Camarero S., Nespoli E., Vilanova M.C., Perez-Jaume S., Pascual-Pasto G., Sampor C., Grigorovski N., Salas B., Sunol M., Carcaboso A.M., Mora J., De Davila M.T.G., Doz F., Radvanyi F., Abramson D.H., Llera A.S., Schaiquevich P.S., Lubieniecki F., Chantada G.L. Immunohistochemical expression of TFF1 is a marker of poor prognosis in retinoblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2023;71(1):e30717. doi: 10.1002/pbc.30717.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Odemis D.A., Kebudi R., Bayramova J., Erciyas S.K., Turkcan G.K., Tuncer S.B., Erdogan O.S., Celik B., Gultaslar B.K., Bay S.B., Tuncer S., Yazici H. RB1 gene mutations and genetic spectrum in retinoblastoma cases. Medicine. 2023;102(36):e35068. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Odemis D.A., Kebudi R., Bayramova J., Erciyas S.K., Turkcan G.K., Tuncer S.B., Erdogan O.S., Celik B., Gultaslar B.K., Bay S.B., Tuncer S., Yazici H. RB1 gene mutations and genetic spectrum in retinoblastoma cases. Medicine. 2023;102(36):e35068. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cobbs L.V., Francis J.H., Dunkel I.J., Gobin Y.P., Brodie S.E., Abramson D.H. Retinoblastoma management in 13q deletion syndrome patients using super-selective chemotherapies and other cancer-directed interventions. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021;68(5):e28845. doi: 10.1002/pbc.28845.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cobbs L.V., Francis J.H., Dunkel I.J., Gobin Y.P., Brodie S.E., Abramson D.H. Retinoblastoma management in 13q deletion syndrome patients using super-selective chemotherapies and other cancer-directed interventions. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021;68(5):e28845. doi: 10.1002/pbc.28845.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sweid A., Hammoud B., Weinberg J.H., Texakalidis P., Xu V., Shivashankar K., Baldassari M.P., Das S., Ramesh S., Tjoumakaris S., Shields C.L., Ancona-Lezama D., Lim L.A.S., Dalvin L.A., Jabbour P. Intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma in infants ≤ 10 kg: 74 treated eyes with 222 IAC sessions. Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41(7):1286–92. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6590.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sweid A., Hammoud B., Weinberg J.H., Texakalidis P., Xu V., Shivashankar K., Baldassari M.P., Das S., Ramesh S., Tjoumakaris S., Shields C.L., Ancona-Lezama D., Lim L.A.S., Dalvin L.A., Jabbour P. Intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma in infants ≤ 10 kg: 74 treated eyes with 222 IAC sessions. Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41(7):1286–92. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6590.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ketteler P., Hulsenbeck I., Frank M., Schmidt B., Jockel K.H., Lohmann D.R. The impact of RB1 genotype on incidence of second tumors in heritable retinoblastoma. Eur J Cancer. 2020;133:47–55. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.04.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ketteler P., Hulsenbeck I., Frank M., Schmidt B., Jockel K.H., Lohmann D.R. The impact of RB1 genotype on incidence of second tumors in heritable retinoblastoma. Eur J Cancer. 2020;133:47–55. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.04.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alekseeva E.A., Babenko O.V., Kozlova V.M., Ushakova T.L., Kazubskaya T.P., Nemtsova M.V., Chesnocova G.G., Mikhaylenko D.S., Bure I.V., Kalinkin A.I., Kuznetsova E.B., Tanas A.S., Kutsev S.I., Zaletaev D.V., Strelnikov V.V. Parental origin of the RB1 gene mutations in families with low penetrance hereditary retinoblastoma. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(20):5068. doi: 10.3390/cancers13205068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva E.A., Babenko O.V., Kozlova V.M., Ushakova T.L., Kazubskaya T.P., Nemtsova M.V., Chesnocova G.G., Mikhaylenko D.S., Bure I.V., Kalinkin A.I., Kuznetsova E.B., Tanas A.S., Kutsev S.I., Zaletaev D.V., Strelnikov V.V. Parental origin of the RB1 gene mutations in families with low penetrance hereditary retinoblastoma. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(20):5068. doi: 10.3390/cancers13205068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rubens J.A., Erker C., Lindsay H., Ho B., Li B., Bouﬀet E., Cohen A., Eberhart C., Ertl-Wagner B., Mahajan A., Zacharoulis S., Huang A., Packer R. Infantile suprasellar tumor diagnosed as a pineoblastoma RB1 subgroup and treatment challenges: a pediatric SNO molecular tumor board. Neurooncol Adv. 2022;4(1):vdac092. doi: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac092.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubens J.A., Erker C., Lindsay H., Ho B., Li B., Bouﬀet E., Cohen A., Eberhart C., Ertl-Wagner B., Mahajan A., Zacharoulis S., Huang A., Packer R. Infantile suprasellar tumor diagnosed as a pineoblastoma RB1 subgroup and treatment challenges: a pediatric SNO molecular tumor board. Neurooncol Adv. 2022;4(1):vdac092. doi: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac092.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasiljevic A. Histopathology and molecular pathology of pediatric pineal parenchymal tumors. Childs Nerv Sist. 2022;39(9):2273–84. doi: 10.1007/s00381-022-05637-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasiljevic A. Histopathology and molecular pathology of pediatric pineal parenchymal tumors. Childs Nerv Sist. 2022;39(9):2273–84. doi: 10.1007/s00381-022-05637-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ancona-Lezama D., Dalvin L.A., Shields C.L. Modern treatment of retinoblastoma: a 2020 review. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(11):2356–65. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_721_20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ancona-Lezama D., Dalvin L.A., Shields C.L. Modern treatment of retinoblastoma: a 2020 review. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(11):2356–65. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_721_20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chevez-Barrioz P., Eagl R.C. Jr, Krailo M., Piao J., Albert D.M., Gao Y., Vemuganti G., Ali M.J., Khetan V., Honavar S.G., O’Brien J., Leahey A.-M., Matthay K., Meadows A., Chintagumpala M. Study of unilateral retinoblastoma with and without histopathologic high-risk features and the role of adjuvant chemotherapy: A Children’s Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(31):2883–91. doi: 10.1200/JCO.18.01808.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chevez-Barrioz P., Eagl R.C. Jr, Krailo M., Piao J., Albert D.M., Gao Y., Vemuganti G., Ali M.J., Khetan V., Honavar S.G., O’Brien J., Leahey A.-M., Matthay K., Meadows A., Chintagumpala M. Study of unilateral retinoblastoma with and without histopathologic high-risk features and the role of adjuvant chemotherapy: A Children’s Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(31):2883–91. doi: 10.1200/JCO.18.01808.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dittner-Moormann S., Reschke M., Abbink F.C.H., Aerts I., Atalay H.T., Bobrova N.F., Biewald E., Brecht I.B., Caspi S., Cassoux N., Castela G., Diarra Y., Duncan C., Ebinger M., Aldana D.G., Hadjistilianou D., Kepak T., Klett A., Kiratli H., Maka E., Opocher E., Pawinska-Wasikowska K., Rascon J., Russo I., Rutynowska-Pronicka O., Alvarez C.S., Pacheco S.S.R., Svojgr K., Timmermann B., Vishnevskia-Dai V., Eggert A., Ritter-Sovinz P., Bechrakiz N.E., Jenkinson H., Moll A., Munier F.L., Popovic M.B., Chantada G., Doz F., Ketteler P. Adjuvant therapy of histopathological risk factors of retinoblastoma in Europe: A survey by the European Retinoblastoma Group (EURbG). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021;68(6):e28963. doi: 10.1002/pbc.28963.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dittner-Moormann S., Reschke M., Abbink F.C.H., Aerts I., Atalay H.T., Bobrova N.F., Biewald E., Brecht I.B., Caspi S., Cassoux N., Castela G., Diarra Y., Duncan C., Ebinger M., Aldana D.G., Hadjistilianou D., Kepak T., Klett A., Kiratli H., Maka E., Opocher E., Pawinska-Wasikowska K., Rascon J., Russo I., Rutynowska-Pronicka O., Alvarez C.S., Pacheco S.S.R., Svojgr K., Timmermann B., Vishnevskia-Dai V., Eggert A., Ritter-Sovinz P., Bechrakiz N.E., Jenkinson H., Moll A., Munier F.L., Popovic M.B., Chantada G., Doz F., Ketteler P. Adjuvant therapy of histopathological risk factors of retinoblastoma in Europe: A survey by the European Retinoblastoma Group (EURbG). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021;68(6):e28963. doi: 10.1002/pbc.28963.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedman D.L., Krailo M., Villaluna D., Gombos D., Langholz B., Jubran R.F., Shields C., Murphree L., O’Brien J., Kessel S., Rodrigues-Galindo C., Chintagumpala M., Meadows A. Systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy for Group B intraocular retinoblastoma (ARET0331): A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016;64(7):10.1002/pbc.26394. doi: 10.1002/pbc.26394.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedman D.L., Krailo M., Villaluna D., Gombos D., Langholz B., Jubran R.F., Shields C., Murphree L., O’Brien J., Kessel S., Rodrigues-Galindo C., Chintagumpala M., Meadows A. Systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy for Group B intraocular retinoblastoma (ARET0331): A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016;64(7):10.1002/pbc.26394. doi: 10.1002/pbc.26394.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jubran R.F., Villablanca J.G., Krailo M., Piao J., Huang L., Murphree O.L., O’Brien J., Gombos D., Shields C.L., Meadows A., Chintagumpala M. A single-arm study of systemic and sub-Tenon chemotherapy for Group C and D intraocular retinoblastoma: A Children’s Oncology Group study (ARET0231). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;67(9):e28502. doi: 10.1002/pbc.28502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jubran R.F., Villablanca J.G., Krailo M., Piao J., Huang L., Murphree O.L., O’Brien J., Gombos D., Shields C.L., Meadows A., Chintagumpala M. A single-arm study of systemic and sub-Tenon chemotherapy for Group C and D intraocular retinoblastoma: A Children’s Oncology Group study (ARET0231). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;67(9):e28502. doi: 10.1002/pbc.28502.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liang T., Zhang X., Li J., Zhao P., Ji X. Intra-arterial chemotherapy as primary treatment for advanced unilateral retinoblastoma in China. Front Med. 2022;9:855661. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.855661.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liang T., Zhang X., Li J., Zhao P., Ji X. Intra-arterial chemotherapy as primary treatment for advanced unilateral retinoblastoma in China. Front Med. 2022;9:855661. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.855661.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dunkel I.J., Piao J., Chantada G.L., Banerjee A., Abouelnaga S., Buchsbaum J.C., Merchant T.E., Granger M.M., Jubran R.F., Weinstein J.L., Saguilig L., Abramson D.H., Krailo M.D., Rodriguez-Galindo C., Chintagumpala M.M. Intensive multimodality therapy for extraocular retinoblastoma: A Children’s Oncology Group trial (ARET0321). J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(33):3839–47. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.02337.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dunkel I.J., Piao J., Chantada G.L., Banerjee A., Abouelnaga S., Buchsbaum J.C., Merchant T.E., Granger M.M., Jubran R.F., Weinstein J.L., Saguilig L., Abramson D.H., Krailo M.D., Rodriguez-Galindo C., Chintagumpala M.M. Intensive multimodality therapy for extraocular retinoblastoma: A Children’s Oncology Group trial (ARET0321). J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(33):3839–47. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.02337.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hwang E.I., Kool M., Burger P.C., Capper D., Chavez L., Brabetz S., Williams-Hughes C., Billups C., Heier L., Jaju A., Michalski J., Li Y., Leary S., Zhou T., von Deimling A., Jones D.T.W., Fouladi M., Pollack I.F., Gajjar A., Packer R.J., Pfister S.M., Olson J.M. Extensive molecular and clinical heterogeneity in patients with histologically diagnosed CNS-PNET treated as a single entity: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group randomized ACNS0332 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(34):3388–95. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.76.4720.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hwang E.I., Kool M., Burger P.C., Capper D., Chavez L., Brabetz S., Williams-Hughes C., Billups C., Heier L., Jaju A., Michalski J., Li Y., Leary S., Zhou T., von Deimling A., Jones D.T.W., Fouladi M., Pollack I.F., Gajjar A., Packer R.J., Pfister S.M., Olson J.M. Extensive molecular and clinical heterogeneity in patients with histologically diagnosed CNS-PNET treated as a single entity: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group randomized ACNS0332 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(34):3388–95. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.76.4720.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaju A., Hwang E.I., Kool M., Capper D., Clavez L., Brabetz S., Billuos C., Li Y., Fouladi M., Packer R.J., Pfister S.M., Olson J.M., Heier L.A. MRI features of histologically diagnosed supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors and pineoblastomas in correlation with molecular diagnoses and out comes: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group ACNS0332 trial. Am J Neiroradiol. 2019;40(11):1796–803. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A625.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaju A., Hwang E.I., Kool M., Capper D., Clavez L., Brabetz S., Billuos C., Li Y., Fouladi M., Packer R.J., Pfister S.M., Olson J.M., Heier L.A. MRI features of histologically diagnosed supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors and pineoblastomas in correlation with molecular diagnoses and out comes: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group ACNS0332 trial. Am J Neiroradiol. 2019;40(11):1796–803. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A625.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
