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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nodgo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии (РЖДГиО)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-1267</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-5496</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LTD “Graphica”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21682/2311-1267-2024-11-4-60-70</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nodgo-1098</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Комплексная эндоскопическая диагностика гастроинтестинальной  формы острой реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» у детей,  перенесших аллогенную трансплантацию гемопоэтических  стволовых клеток. Одноцентровое исследование</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Complex endoscopic diagnosis of the gastrointestinal form of acute graft-versus-host disease in children who  underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Single-center study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-7763</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лозовая</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lozovaya</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валерия Витальевна Лозовая, врач-эндоскопист эндоскопического отделения НИИ клинической онкологии им. Н.Н. Трапезникова</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Endoscopist of Endoscopy Department of the N.N. Trapeznikov Research Institute of Clinical Oncology</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lera.lozovaya@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-1115</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусарова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusarova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-эндоскопист отделения диагностической эндоскопии</p><p>111123, Москва, шоссе Энтузиастов, 86</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Endoscopist of Diagnostic Endoscopy Department</p><p>86 Shosse Entuziastov, Moscow, 111123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o.a.gusarova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0179-2479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костарева</surname><given-names>И. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostareva</surname><given-names>I. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-детский онколог отделения детской трансплантации костного мозга и гемопоэтических стволовых клеток НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pediatric Oncologist Department of Pediatric Bone Marrow and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences L.A. Durnov</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kostareva_92@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-7809</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малихова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malikhova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., врач-эндоскопист; профессор кафедры онкологии и паллиативной медицины</p><p>121205, Москва, территория инновационного центра «Сколково», Большой бул., 46, стр. 1</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Endoscopist; Professor of the Department of Oncology and Palliative Medicine</p><p>Bldg. 1, 46, Bolshoi Blvd., Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, 121205</p><p>Bldg. 1, 2/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow, 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">malikhova@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5863-5197</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Туманян</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tumanyan</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., старший научный сотрудник научно-консультативного отделения НИИ клинической онкологии им. Н.Н. Трапезникова</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher Scientific Advisory Department of the N.N. Trapeznikov</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tumanyan.armen.o@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2945-284X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киргизов</surname><given-names>К. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirgizov</surname><given-names>K. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., заместитель директора по научной работе НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Deputy Director for Scientific Work of Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences L.A. Durnov</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">k.kirgizov@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1091-1521</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алиев</surname><given-names>Т. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aliev</surname><given-names>T. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-детский онколог отделения детской трансплантации костного мозга и гемопоэтических стволовых клеток НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pediatric Oncologist Department of Pediatric Bone Marrow and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences L.A. Durnov</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">timaliev118@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Московский клинический научный центр имени А.С. Логинова Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Clinical Scientific Center named after A.S. Loginov, Department of Health in Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Клиника “Hadassah Medical Moscow”; ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Clinic “Hadassah Medical Moscow”; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>60</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лозовая В.В., Гусарова О.А., Костарева И.О., Малихова О.А., Туманян А.О., Киргизов К.И., Алиев Т.З., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лозовая В.В., Гусарова О.А., Костарева И.О., Малихова О.А., Туманян А.О., Киргизов К.И., Алиев Т.З.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lozovaya V.V., Gusarova O.A., Kostareva I.O., Malikhova O.A., Tumanyan A.O., Kirgizov K.I., Aliev T.Z.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nodgo.org/jour/article/view/1098">https://journal.nodgo.org/jour/article/view/1098</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Гастроинтестинальная форма (ГИ) является распространенным вариантом острой реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» (оРТПХ) у детей, перенесших аллогенную трансплантацию гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (алло-ТГСК). В России отсутствуют крупные исследования, посвященные изучению особенностей эндоскопической картины и тактики эндоскопической диагностики пациентов с ГИ оРТПХ.</p><p>Цель исследования – разработать оптимальный алгоритм проведения эндоскопического исследования у детей с онкологическими заболеваниями, перенесших алло-ТГСК; сопоставить данные макроскопической картины выявленных изменений слизистой оболочки желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ) в соответствии с классификацией Cruzz-Correa и Фрай бургскими критериями; определить чувствительность, специфичность и диагностическую точность эндоскопического исследования в проведении дифференциальной диагностики между ГИ оРТПХ и неспецифическими/вирусными поражениями ЖКТ, а также оценить преимущества комплексного эндоскопического исследования в диагностике ГИ оРТПХ.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В ретроспективном исследовании, проведенном на базе НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России в период с января 2021 г. по сентябрь 2023 г., были проанализированы данные 100 (100 %) пациентов в возрасте до 18 лет с диагнозом «острый лейкоз», перенесших алло-ТГСК. Основную группу исследования составили пациенты с подозрением на ГИ оРТПХ (n = 27; 27 %), которым было выполнено комплексное эндоскопическое исследование – эзофагогастродуоденоскопия (ЭГДС) и толстокишечная эндоскопия. При появлении диарейного синдрома и/или других проявлений желудочно-кишечных нарушений, возникших после проведения алло-ТГСК у 60 (60 %) пациентов, для исключения бактериальных, вирусных инфекций, грибковых поражений и токсических эффектов лекарственной терапии, на 1-м этапе выполнялось микробиологическое исследование кала и ректального мазка. На 2-м этапе – после исключения вышеописанных факторов и подозрении на развитие ГИ оРТПХ 27 (27 %) пациентам проводилось комплексное эндоскопическое исследование, сопровождающееся взятием биопсийного материала из всех измененных участков слизистой оболочки ЖКТ, а также неизмененных участков 12-перстной и прямой кишки для гистологического исследования – в целях исключения РТПХ и вирусологического исследования – для исключения острых кишечных инфекций (Astrovirus, Norovirus II генотипа, Adenovirus F, Rotavirus A), цитомегаловирусной инфекции, вируса герпеса человека 6-го типа и вируса Эпштейна– Барр в стенке кишки методом полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР). Результаты комплексного эндоскопического исследования сопоставлялись с данными лабораторных методов диагностики.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. По результатам комплексного морфологического, иммуногистохимического, микробиологического, вирусологического исследований биоптатов слизистой оболочки ЖКТ, а также ПЦР-методов диагностики кала и ректального мазка ГИ оРТПХ была подтверждена в 22 (81,5 %) наблюдениях (n = 22), из которых в 13,6 % случаев (n = 3) визуальные изменения слизистой оболочки отсутствовали. У 5 детей из группы пациентов с подозрением на ГИ оРТПХ (18,5 %) в 14,8 % случаев был установлен диагноз вирусного энтероколита (n = 4): 1 больной – аденовирусный (3,7 %), 2 – цитомегаловирусный (7,4 %) и 1 (3,7 %) – нейтропенический энтероколит; у 1 (3,7 %) пациента наблюдались неспецифические изменения слизистой оболочки, обусловленные применением высокодозной полихимиотерапии. Диагностическая ценность щипцовой биопсии в диагностике ГИ оРТПХ из измененных участков слизистой оболочки составила 86,4 % (n = 19), из неизмененных участков 12-перстной кишки – 9,1 % (n = 2) и прямой кишки – 4,5 % (n = 1). Достоверно чаще (p &lt; 0,05) изменения слизистой оболочки определялись в толстой (n = 11; 50 %) и 12-перстной кишке (n = 5; 22,7 %), реже – в желудке (n = 2; 9,1 %) и пищеводе (n = 1; 4,5 %) в виде гиперемии, пастозности (n = 13; 59,1 %) и множественных эрозий (n = 5; 22,7 %). Специфические изменения слизистой оболочки (n = 6; 27,3 %) наблюдались в виде множественных сливающихся между собой эрозий, занимающих большую часть поверхности 12-перстной и толстой кишки (n = 5; 22,7 %), и полного отслоения слизистой оболочки 12-перстной кишки (n = 1; 4,5 %). Согласно классификации Cruz-Correa в 9,1 % наблюдений (n = 2) была установлена 0 степень, в 9,1 % (n = 2) – I, в 13,6 % (n = 3) – II, в 9,1% (n = 2) – III и в 4,5 % случаев (n = 1) – IV степень ГИ оРТПХ верхних отделов ЖКТ. Согласно Фрайбургским критериям I степень ГИ оРТПХ нижних отделов ЖКТ отмечалась в 4,5 % наблюдений (n = 1), II – в 36,4 % (n = 8), III – в 13,6 % (n = 3) и IV – в 0 % (n = 0). Чувствительность и диагностическая точность комплексного эндоскопического исследования (проведение ЭГДС и толстокишечной эндоскопии) были выше по сравнению с проведением только толстокишечной эндоскопии и составили 88,9 % и 55,6 %, 85,2 % и 68,5 % соответственно, а специфичность в обоих случаях равнялась 81,5 %. К основным клиническим проявлениям ГИ оРТПХ относились такие симптомы, как диарея, не купирующаяся приемом лекарственных средств (n = 17; 77,3 %), анорексия (n = 19; 86,4 %), боли в эпигастрии (n = 22; 100 %), тошнота (n = 12; 54,5 %), рвота (n = 4; 18,2 %), мелена (n = 3; 13,6 %).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Диагноз ГИ оРТПХ ставится на основании комплексного обследования пациентов, включающего данные клинической картины, сроки манифестации желудочно-кишечных нарушений, результаты иммуногистохимического, микробиологического, вирусологического исследований биоптатов слизистой оболочки ЖКТ. Пациентам детского возраста при подозрении на развитие ГИ оРТПХ необходимо провести комплексное эндоскопическое исследование (ЭГДС и толстокишечная эндоскопия), характеризующееся большей чувствительностью по сравнению с проведением только толстокишечной эндоскопии, на 2-м этапе диагностического поиска после исключения вирусной, грибковой и лекарственной этиологии развития желудочно-кишечных нарушений. Эндоскопическое исследование должно сопровождаться обязательным взятием морфологического материала как из измененных, так и из неизмененных участков слизистой оболочки ЖКТ.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. The gastrointestinal form (GI) is a common variant of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in children who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). In Russia, there are no large studies devoted to studying the characteristics of the endoscopic picture and tactics of endoscopic diagnosis of patients with GI aGVHD.</p><p>Purpose of the study – to develop an optimal algorithm for conducting endoscopic examination in children with cancer who have undergone allo-HSCT, to compare data on the macroscopic picture of detected changes in the gastrointestinal mucosa in accordance with the Cruzz-Correa classification and the Freiburg criteria, to determine the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic examination in conducting a differential diagnosis between GI aGVHD and nonspecific/viral lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as assessing the advantages of a comprehensive endoscopic examination in the diagnosis of GI aGVHD.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. In a retrospective study conducted at the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences L.A. Durnov at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia in the period from January 2021 to September 2023, data from 100 (100 %) patients diagnosed with acute leukemia, under the age of 18 years, who underwent allogeneic HSCT were analyzed. The main study group consisted of patients with suspected GI aGVHD (n = 27; 27 %), who underwent a complex endoscopic examination – esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) and colonoscopy. When diarrhea syndrome and/or other manifestations of gastrointestinal disorders appeared after allogeneic HSCT in 60 (60 %) patients, to exclude bacterial, viral infections, fungal infections and toxic effects of drug therapy, patients at the first stage underwent microbiological examination of stool and rectal swab. At the second stage, after excluding the above-described factors and suspicion of the development of GI aGVHD, patients (n = 27; 27 %) underwent a comprehensive endoscopic examination, accompanied by the collection of biopsy material from all altered areas of the gastrointestinal mucosa, as well as unchanged areas of the duodenum and rectum. Intestines for histological examination to exclude GVHD and virological studies to exclude acute intestinal infections (Astrovirus, Norovirus genotype 2, Adenovirus F, Rotavirus A), cytomegalovirus infection (CMV), human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6) and Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) in the intestinal wall using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results of a comprehensive endoscopic examination were compared with data from laboratory diagnostic methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. According to the results of complex morphological, immunohistochemical, microbiological, virological studies of biopsy samples of the gastrointestinal mucosa, as well as PCR methods for diagnosing stool and rectal smear, GI aGVHD was confirmed in 22 (81.5 %) of cases (n = 22), of which in 13.6 % of cases (n = 3) there were no visual changes in the mucous membrane. In 5 (18.5 %) patients from the group of patients with suspected GI aGVHD, a diagnosis of viral enterocolitis was established in 14.8 % of cases (n = 4): 1 (3.7 %) patient – adenoviral, 2 (7.4 %) – cytomegalovirus and in 1 (3.7 %) patient – neutropenic enterocolitis; and in 1 (3.7 %) patient – nonspecific changes in the mucous membrane caused by the use of high-dose polychemotherapy. The diagnostic value of forceps biopsy in the diagnosis of GI aGVHD from altered areas of the mucous membrane was 86.4 % (n = 19), from unchanged areas of the duodenum. – 9.1 % (n = 2) and rectum – 4.5 % (n = 1). Significantly more often (p &lt; 0.05) changes in the mucous membrane were detected in the colon (n = 11; 50 %) and duodenum (n = 5; 22.7 %), less often in the stomach (n = 2; 9.1 %) and esophagus (n = 1; 4.5 %) in the form of hyperemia, pastiness (n = 13; 59.1 %) and multiple erosions (n = 5; 22.7 %). Specific changes in the mucous membrane (n = 6; 27.3 %) were determined in the form of multiple erosions merging with each other, occupying most of the surface of the duodenum and colon (n = 5; 22.7 %), and complete detachment of the mucous membrane 12 – duodenum (n = 1; 4.5 %). According to the Cruz-Correa classification, in 9.1 % of cases (n = 2) grade 0 was established, in 9.1 % (n = 2) – I, in 13.6 % (n = 3) – II, in 9.1 % of observations (n = 2) – III and in 4.5 % of observations (n = 1) – IV degree of GI aGVHD of the upper gastrointestinal tract. According to the Freiburg criteria – I degree GI aGVHD of the lower gastrointestinal tract in 4.5 % of cases (n = 1), II – in 36.4 % (n = 8), III – in 13.6 % (n = 3) and IV – in 0 % (n = 0). The sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of a complex endoscopic examination (EGDS and colon endoscopy) were higher compared with colon endoscopy alone, and amounted to 88.9 % and 55.6 %, 85.2 % and 68.5 %, respectively, and the specificity was in both cases – 81.5 %. The main clinical manifestations of HI aGVHD included symptoms such as diarrhea that is not controlled by medication (n = 17; 77.3 %), anorexia (n = 19; 86.4 %), epigastric pain (n = 22; 100 %), nausea (n = 12; 54.5 %), vomiting (n = 4; 18.2 %), melena (n = 3; 13.6 %).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The diagnosis of GI aGVHD is made on the basis of a comprehensive examination of patients, including clinical picture data, timing of manifestation of gastrointestinal disorders, results of immunohistochemical, microbiological, virological studies of biopsy samples of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Pediatric patients suspected of developing GI aGVHD require a comprehensive endoscopic examination (EGDS and colonoscopy), which is characterized by greater sensitivity compared to colon endoscopy alone, at the second stage of the diagnostic search after excluding viral, fungal and drug etiologies for the development of gastrointestinal disorders. Endoscopic examination must be accompanied by mandatory collection of morphological material from both changed and unchanged areas of the gastrointestinal mucosa.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гастроинтестинальная острая реакция «трансплантат против хозяина»</kwd><kwd>аллогенная трансплантация  гемопоэтических стволовых клеток</kwd><kwd>эзофагогастродуоденоскопия</kwd><kwd>толстокишечная эндоскопия</kwd><kwd>эндоскопия</kwd><kwd>педиатрия</kwd><kwd>детская онкология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gastrointestinal acute graft-versus-host disease</kwd><kwd>allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</kwd><kwd>esophagogastroduodenoscopy</kwd><kwd>colonic endoscopy</kwd><kwd>endoscopy</kwd><kwd>pediatrics</kwd><kwd>pediatric oncology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cahn J.Y., Klein J.P., Lee S.J., Milpied N., Blaise D., Antin J.H., Leblond V., Ifrah N., Jouet J.P., Loberiza F., Ringden O., Barrett A.J., Horowitz M.M., Socié G.; Société Française de Greffe de Moëlle et Thérapie Cellulaire; Dana Farber Cancer Institute; International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry. 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