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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nodgo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии (РЖДГиО)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2311-1267</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2413-5496</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LTD “Graphica”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21682/2311-1267-2025-12-2-31-39</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nodgo-1145</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клиническая значимость растворимых форм галектинов при опухолях костей у детей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical significance of soluble forms of galectins in bone tumors in children</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0810-8238</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прищеп</surname><given-names>П. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prishchep</surname><given-names>P. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences L.A. Durnov at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Paulig92@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6132-9924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалева</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovaleva</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории регуляции вирусных и клеточных онкогенов НИИ канцерогенеза НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher Laboratory of Regulation of Viral and Cellular Oncogenes of the Research Institute of Carcinogenesis at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ovkovaleva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2137-1866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачев</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grachev</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор РАН, заведующий лабораторией биологии стромальных клеток опухолей НИИ канцерогенеза НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Tumor Stromal Cell Biology of the Research Institute of Carcinogenesis at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexei.gratchev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3585-5693</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алферов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alferov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., врач клинической лабораторной диагностики НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Doctor of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aleksandr.alferov@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9684-2509</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмин</surname><given-names>Ю. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmin</surname><given-names>Yu. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., медицинский лабораторный техник (фельдшер-лаборант) клинико-диагностической лаборатории НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина, ассистент кафедры клинической биохимии и лабораторной диагностики РосУниМед.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23; 127006, Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. of Sci. (Biol.), Medical Laboratory Technician (Laboratory Assistant) of a Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Assistant at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics at Russian University of Medicine, Ministry of Health of Russia.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522; 4 Dolgorukovskaya St., Moscow, 127006</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yriikyzmin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8791-5358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карамышева</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karamysheva</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры фармакологии РосУниМед.</p><p>127006, Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Pharmacology at Russian University of Medicine, Ministry of Health of Russia.</p><p>4 Dolgorukovskaya St., Moscow, 127006</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prof.karamysheva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0777-9152</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рогожин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rogozhin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., заведующий отделом морфологической и молекулярно-генетической диагностики опухолей НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Morphological and Molecular Genetic Diagnostics of Tumors at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pathol.777@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6131-1783</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Варфоломеева</surname><given-names>С. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Varfolomeeva</surname><given-names>S. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, директор НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии им. акад. РАМН Л.А. Дурнова НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Director of the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology named after Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences L.A. Durnov at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.varfolomeeva@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-4127</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кушлинский</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kushlinskii</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Академик РАН, д.м.н., профессор, лауреат Государственной премии, научный руководитель клинико-диагностической лаборатории консультативно-диагностического центра НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина, заведующий кафедрой клинической биохимии и лабораторной диагностики РосУниМед.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 23; 127006, Москва, ул. Долгоруковская, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Laureate of the State Prize, Scientific Director of the Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory of the Consultative and Diagnostic Center at N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Head of the Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics of the Russian University of Medicine, Ministry of Health of Russia.</p><p>23 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522; 4 Dolgorukovskaya St., Moscow, 127006</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">biochimia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии имени Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии имени Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia; Russian University of Medicine, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian University of Medicine, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Прищеп П.Л., Ковалева О.В., Грачев А.Н., Алферов А.А., Кузьмин Ю.Б., Карамышева Е.И., Рогожин Д.В., Варфоломеева С.Р., Кушлинский Н.Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Прищеп П.Л., Ковалева О.В., Грачев А.Н., Алферов А.А., Кузьмин Ю.Б., Карамышева Е.И., Рогожин Д.В., Варфоломеева С.Р., Кушлинский Н.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Prishchep P.L., Kovaleva O.V., Grachev A.N., Alferov A.A., Kuzmin Y.B., Karamysheva E.I., Rogozhin D.V., Varfolomeeva S.R., Kushlinskii N.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nodgo.org/jour/article/view/1145">https://journal.nodgo.org/jour/article/view/1145</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Галектины – гликан-связывающие белки, содержащие 1 или 2 углеводных домена и выполняющие множество биологических функций. Установлено, что галектины, синтезируемые опухолевой тканью, обладают способностью к аутостимуляции и паракринной стимуляции клеток микроокружения. Данные литературы свидетельствуют, что изменение продукции и секреции галектинов наблюдается при многих типах злокачественных заболеваний и нередко способствует их быстрой прогрессии. Интересно, что появляется все больше доказательств того, что семейство β-галактозид-связывающих лектинов играет ключевую роль в адгезии циркулирующих опухолевых клеток к сосудистому эндотелию, способствуя диссеминации опухолевого процесса. Для ряда солидных опухолей роль некоторых галектинов, особенно галектина-3, изучена и описана достаточно хорошо. Однако при опухолях костной системы клинико-лабораторная значимость белков данного семейства еще не определена.</p><p>Цель исследования – сравнительный анализ содержания галектинов-1, -3, -4, -7, -9 в сыворотке крови у пациентов с новообразованиями костей и в группе здоровых детей, определение наличия связи с основными клинико-морфологическими характеристиками опухолей опорно-двигательного аппарата и их диагностической ценности.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В ретроспективное исследование включены 95 больных злокачественными (n = 66), доброкачественными (n = 25) и пограничными (n = 4) опухолями костей, проходивших лечение в ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России. Клинико-рентгенологический диагноз новообразования подтвержден данными морфологического исследования опухоли согласно Международной гистологической классификации опухолей костей (Всемирная организация здравоохранения, 2020). Концентрацию галектинов-1, -3, -4, -7, -9 определяли в сыворотке крови, полученной по стандартной методике до начала лечения, с помощью наборов реактивов для иммуноферментного анализа. Полученные данные обрабатывали с помощью программы GraphPad Prizm 10.0. При сравнении показателей и анализе их взаимосвязей использовали непараметрические критерии Манна–Уитни и Краскела–Уоллиса. Анализ информативности диагностического метода для оценки его чувствительности и специфичности проводили с помощью построения ROC-кривых и вычисления площади под ними (AUC). Корреляционный анализ проводили посредством определения коэффициента корреляции Спирмена. Различия и корреляции считали статистически значимыми при p &lt; 0,05.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлено достоверное повышение уровня галектина-3 при опухолевой патологии костей. Установлена медиана содержания галектина-3 в контрольной группе – 6,69 (4,15–9,94) нг/мл, что значимо ниже, чем у пациентов со злокачественными новообразованиями костей – 7,85 (5,85–11,75) нг/мл (p = 0,033). Примечательно, что концентрация галектина-9 достоверно ниже у пациентов с опухолями, чем у здоровых детей. При поражении костей медиана исследуемого показателя составила 5,35 (4,28–6,89) нг/мл, что статистически значимо ниже в сравнении с контролем – 7,37 (6,09–8,870) нг/мл (p = 0,001). Для галектинов-1 и -7 не выявлено достоверных изменений концентрации при формировании новообразований костей. Для галектина-4 было зафиксировано увеличение его уровня при наличии доброкачественных образований в костной системе. Корреляционный анализ показал, что в группе контроля содержание галектина-9 обратно коррелирует с уровнями галектинов-1 и -7 (r = –0,533; p = 0,019 и r = –0,473; p = 0,041). В группе пациентов с новообразованиями костей содержание галектина-1 прямо коррелирует с уровнем галектина-3 (r = 0,360; p = 0,004), а уровень галектина-7 – с галектином-9 (r = 0,420; p = 0,001), что свидетельствует об изменении баланса содержания данных белков при развитии опухолевой патологии костной системы. Однако по результатам ROC-анализа утверждать о диагностической ценности вышеуказанных галектинов на текущем этапе исследования не представляется возможным.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В нашей работе выявлены изменения баланса содержания галектинов-1, -3, -4, -7, -9 в сыворотке крови у детей с опухолями опорно-двигательного аппарата. Несмотря на неоднозначные результаты, галектины, благодаря их широкой распространенности в организме человека, остаются перспективными молекулами для использования в клинико-лабораторной и научной практике в качестве потенциальных биологических маркеров. Однако для подтверждения их клинической значимости необходимо проведение дальнейших исследований.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Galectins are glycan-binding proteins containing one or two carbohydrate domains and performing many biological functions. It has been established that galectins synthesized by tumor tissue have the ability to autostimulate and paracrine stimulate cells of the microenvironment. Literature data indicate that changes in galectin production and secretion are observed in many types of malignant neoplasms and often contribute to their rapid progression. Interestingly, there is increasing evidence that a family of β-galactoside-binding lectins, known as galectins, plays a key role in the adhesion of circulating tumor cells to the vascular endothelium, contributing to the dissemination of the tumor process. For a number of solid tumors, the role of some galectins, especially galectin-3, has been studied and described fairly well, while in tumors of the bone system, the clinical and laboratory significance of proteins of this family has not yet been determined.</p><p>Purpose of the study – comparative analysis of the content of galectins-1, -3, -4, -7, -9 in the blood serum of bone tumors and healthy donors in pediatric oncology practice, connection with the main clinical and morphological characteristics of the disease and determination of their diagnostic potential.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The retrospective study included 95 patients with bone tumors: malignant (n = 66), benign (n = 25) and borderline (n = 4), who were treated at the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia. The clinical and radiological diagnosis of the tumor was confirmed by the data of a morphological study of the tumor according to the International Histological Classification of Bone Tumors (World Health Organization, 2020). The concentration of galectins-1, -3, -4, -7, -9 was determined in blood serum obtained according to standard methods before the start of specific treatment, using reagent kits for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The obtained data were processed using the GraphPad Prizm 10.0 program. When comparing indicators and analyzing their relationships, nonparametric Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used. Analysis of the information content of the diagnostic method by assessing its sensitivity and specificity was carried out by constructing ROC curves and calculating the area under them (AUC). Correlation analysis was carried out by determining the Spearman correlation coefficient. Differences and correlations were considered statistically significant at p &lt; 0.05.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It was found that the median galectin-3 content in the control group was 6.69 (4.15–9.94) ng/ml, which is significantly lower than in patients with bone tumors – 7.85 (5.85–11.75) ng/ml (p = 0.033). Significant changes in content were detected for galectin-9. In patients with bone tumors, the median concentration of galectin-9 is 5.35 (4.28–6.89) ng/ml, which is statistically significantly lower compared to the control group – 7.37 (6.09–8.870) ng/ml (p = 0.001). The ROC-analysis showed that despite significant changes in the content of galectin-3 and galectin-9 in the blood serum of patients with bone tumors, the study of their concentrations does not allow using the data obtained in the clinic for diagnostic purposes. The analysis showed that for galectin-1 and galectin-7 there is no change in their concentration during the development of benign and malignant bone tumors. For galectin-3, a significant increase in its content was shown in the case of the development of malignant bone tumors, while for galectin-4 similar patterns were noted in the development of benign bone tumors. The content of galectin-9 was significantly reduced in patients with both benign and malignant tumors compared to controls. Correlation analysis showed that in the control group the content of galectin-9 inversely correlates with the level of galectin-1 and galectin-7 (r = –0.533; p = 0.019 and r = –0.473; p = 0.041, respectively). In the group of patients with bone tumors the content of galectin-1 directly correlates with the level of galectin-3 (r = 0.360; p = 0.004), and the level of galectin-7 with galectin-9 (r = 0.420; p = 0.001), which indicates a change balance of the content of these proteins during the development of tumor pathology of skeletal bones.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Our work revealed changes in the balance of galectins-1 , -3, -4, -7, -9 in the blood serum of children with tumors of the musculoskeletal system. Despite the ambiguous results, galectins, due to their widespread occurrence in the human body, remain promising molecules for use in clinical, laboratory and scientific practice as biological markers. However, further studies are needed to confirm their clinical significance.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>опухоли костей</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>галектины-1</kwd><kwd>-3</kwd><kwd>-4</kwd><kwd>-7</kwd><kwd>-9</kwd><kwd>сыворотка крови</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bone tumors</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>galectins-1</kwd><kwd>-3</kwd><kwd>-4</kwd><kwd>-7</kwd><kwd>-9</kwd><kwd>blood serum</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено без спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed without external funding</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зыбина Н.Н., Тихомирова О.В., Куликова Е.А., Прищеп П.Л., Кушлинский Н.Е. Галектины: характеристика, роль в патогенезе, клиническом течении и прогнозе заболеваний. 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