nodgoРоссийский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии (РЖДГиО)Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology2311-12672413-5496LTD “Graphica”10.21682/2311-1267-2021-8-3-71-78nodgo-745Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWSМеханизмы действия стволовых клеток: реальность и гипотезыMechanisms of stem cells action: reality and hypotheseshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1878-4467КудлайД. А.KudlayD. A.

Дмитрий Анатольевич Кудлай,  д.м.н., вице-президент по внедрению новых медицинских технологий, профессор кафедры фармакологии Института фармации; ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории персонализированной медицины и молекулярной иммунологии № 71

123112, Москва, ул. Тестовская, 10

119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Vice-President for the Introduction of New Medical Technologies, Professor of the Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy; Leading Researcher at the Laboratory of Personalized Medicine and Molecular Immunology № 71 

10 Testovskaya St., Moscow, 123112

8–2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991

24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow, 115522

D624254@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-5944ИволгинД. А.IvolginD. A.

к.м.н., медицинский директор

199106, Санкт-Петербург, Большой просп. Васильевского острова, 85, лит. К

Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Medical Director 

lit. K, 85 Bolshoy Prosp. Vasil’yevskogo ostrova, Saint-Petersburg, 199106

ida59m@mail.ruАО «ГЕНЕРИУМ»; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет); ФГБУ «Государственный научный центр “Институт иммунологии” Федерального медико-биологического агентства»РоссияJSC “GENERIUM”; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University); National Research Center – Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of RussiaRussian FederationООО «Покровский банк стволовых клеток»РоссияPokrovskii Bank Stvolovyh KletokRussian Federation202118102021837178Copyright © Кудлай Д.А., Иволгин Д.А., 20212021Кудлай Д.А., Иволгин Д.А.Kudlay D.A., Ivolgin D.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.nodgo.org/jour/article/view/745

Несмотря на многолетнюю историю изучения стволовых клеток (СК), механизмы их действия до сих пор не до конца понятны. Классическим примером может служить описанное негематологическое действие гемопоэтических СК (ГСК), предположительно за счет способности к трансдифференцировке и слиянию. В фокусе клинического применения в рамках регенеративной медицины находятся мезенхимальные стромальные клетки (МСК), причем понимание путей реализации их регенеративного потенциала существенно эволюционировало. МСК были открыты и описаны как структурная единица ниши ГСК, отвечающая за репарацию соединительной ткани методом дифференцировки. Однако впоследствии выяснилось, что они являются регулятором разнообразных процессов в организме в целом. К таким процессам относятся противовоспалительный, антифибротический, иммуномодулирующий эффекты, реализующиеся различными путями. Среди этих путей уже определен паракринный механизм – выделение различных факторов роста, экзосом и микровезикул, механизм прямого переноса митохондрий и других клеточных органелл от клетки к клетке при помощи туннелирующих нанотрубок, механизм эффероцитоза. Одним из последних открытий в этой области было иммуномодулирующее действие апоптотических МСК.В целом изучение механизмов действия СК является живой, развивающейся областью науки, в которой еще не скоро будет сказано последнее слово.

Despite the long history of stem cells studying, the mechanisms of their action are still not fully understood. A classic example is the described non-hematological effect of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), presumably due to the ability to transdifferentiation and cell fusion. The focus of clinical application in the field of regenerative medicine is mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), and the understanding of the ways of implementfnion of their regenerative potential has evolved significantly. MSC were discovered and described as a structural unit of the HSC niche responsible for the repair of connective tissue through differentiation. However, it later turned out that they are a regulator of various processes in the body as a whole. These processes include anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and immunomodulatory effects, which are realized in various ways. Among these pathways, the paracrine mechanism has already been identified – the release of various growth factors, exosomes and microvesicles, the mechanism of direct transfer of mitochondria and other cellular organelles from cell to cell using tunneling nanotubes, the mechanism of efferocytosis. One of the latest discoveries in this field was the immunomodulatory effect of apoptotic MSC.In general, the study of the stem cells mechanisms of action is a living, developing field of science in which the last word will not be said soon.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.