Milestones in the curability of pediatric cancers
https://doi.org/10.17650/2311-1267-2014-0-4-32-40
About the Authors
M. M. HudsonUnited States
Memphis, TN, USA
M. P. Link
United States
Palo Alto, CA, USA
J. V. Simone
United States
Dunwoody, GA, USA
References
1. Ward E, Desantis C, Robbins A, et al: Childhood and adolescent cancerstatistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin [epub ahead of print on January 31, 2014]
2. Djerassi I, Farber S, Abir E, et al: Continuous infusion of methotrexate inchildren with acute leukemia. Cancer 20:233–242, 1967
3. Skipper HE, Thomson JR, Elion GB, et al: Observations on the anticanceractivity of 6‑mercaptopurine. Cancer Res 14:294–298, 1954
4. Goldman ID: A model system for the study of heteroexchange diffusion: Methotrexate-folate interactions in L1210 leukemia and Ehrlich ascites tumorcells. BiochimBiophysActa 233:624–634, 1971
5. Shackney SE: A computer model for tumor growth and chemotherapy, and its application to L1210 leukemia treated with cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878). Cancer Chemother Rep 54:399–429, 1970
6. Aur RJ, Simone J, Hustu HO, et al: Central nervous system therapy and combination chemotherapy of childhood lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 37:272–281, 1971
7. Hustu HO, Aur RJ, Verzosa MS, et al: Prevention of central nervoussystem leukemia by irradiation. Cancer 32:585–597, 1973
8. Simone J, Pinkel D: Rationale and results of combination chemotherapyand central nervous system irradiation in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Bibl Haematol 39:1068–1073, 1973
9. Pinkel D, Simone J, Hustu HO, et al: Nine years’ experience with “totaltherapy” of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Pediatrics 50:246–251, 1972
10. Aur RJ, Simone JV, Hustu HO, et al: A comparative study of centralnervous system irradiation and intensive chemotherapy early in remission ofchildhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 29:381–391, 1972
11. Henze G, Langermann HJ, Bra¨mswig J, et al: The BFM 76 / 79 acutelymphoblastic leukemia therapy study [in German]. Klin Padiatr 193:145–154,1981
12. Ritter J, Creutzig U, Reiter A, et al: Childhood leukemia: CooperativeBerlin-Frankfurt-Mu¨ nster trials in the Federal Republic of Germany. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 116:100–103, 1990
13. Sallan SE, Hitchcock-Bryan S, Gelber R, et al: Influence of intensiveasparaginase in the treatment of childhood non-T-cell acute lymphoblasticleukemia. Cancer Res 43:5601–5607, 1983
14. Tubergen DG, Gilchrist GS, O’Brien RT, et al: Improved outcome withdelayed intensification for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia andintermediate presenting features: A Children’s Cancer Group phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 11:527–537, 1993
15. Pui CH, Mullighan CG, Evans WE, et al: Pediatric acute lymphoblasticleukemia: Where are we going and how do we get there? Blood 120:1165–1174,2012
16. Moghrabi A, Levy DE, Asselin B, et al: Results of the Dana-Farber CancerInstitute ALL Consortium Protocol 95–01 for children with acute lymphoblasticleukemia. Blood 109:896–904, 2007
17. Möricke A, Reiter A, Zimmermann M, et al: Risk-adjusted therapy of acutelymphoblastic leukemia can decrease treatment burden and improve survival: Treatment results of 2169 unselected pediatric and adolescent patients enrolledin the trial ALL-BFM 95. Blood 111:4477–4489, 2008
18. Pui CH, Campana D, Pei D, et al: Treating childhood acute lymphoblasticleukemia without cranial irradiation. N Engl J Med 360:2730–2741, 2009
19. Propp S, Lizzi FA: Philadelphia chromosome in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 36:353–360, 1970
20. Schultz KR, Bowman WP, Aledo A, et al: Improved early event-freesurvival with imatinib in Philadelphia chromosomepositive acute lymphoblasticleukemia: A Children’s Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 27:5175–5181, 2009
21. Den Boer ML, van Slegtenhorst M, De Menezes RX, et al: A subtype ofchildhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with poor treatment outcome: Agenome-wide classification study. Lancet Oncol 10:125–134, 2009
22. Holmfeldt L, Wei L, Diaz-Flores E, et al: The genomic landscape ofhypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet 45:242–252, 2013
23. Mullighan CG, Su X, Zhang J, et al: Deletion of IKZF1 and prognosis inacute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 360:470–480, 2009
24. Roberts KG, Morin RD, Zhang J, et al: Genetic alterations activating kinaseand cytokine receptor signaling in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. CancerCell 22:153–166, 2012
25. Clarke M, Gaynon P, Hann I, et al: CNS-directed therapy for childhoodacute lymphoblastic leukemia: Childhood ALL Collaborative Group overview of 43 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 21:1798–1809, 2003
26. Mulhern RK, Fairclough D, Ochs J: A prospective comparison of neuropsychologicperformance of children surviving leukemia who received 18‑Gy, 24‑Gy, or no cranial irradiation. J Clin Oncol 9:1348–1356, 1991
27. Ochs J, Mulhern R, Fairclough D, et al: Comparison of neuropsychologicfunctioning and clinical indicators of neurotoxicity in long-term survivors ofchildhood leukemia given cranial radiation or parenteral methotrexate: A prospectivestudy. J Clin Oncol 9:145–151, 1991
28. Dalton VK, Rue M, Silverman LB, et al: Height and weight in childrentreated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Relationship to CNS treatment. J Clin Oncol 21:2953– 2960, 2003
29. Didcock E, Davies HA, Didi M, et al: Pubertal growth in young adultsurvivors of childhood leukemia. J Clin Oncol 13:2503–2507, 1995
30. Garmey EG, Liu Q, Sklar CA, et al: Longitudinal changes in obesity andbody mass index among adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblasticleukemia: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol 26:4639–4645, 2008
31. Razzouk BI, Rose SR, Hongeng S, et al: Obesity in survivors of childhoodacute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 25:1183–1189, 2007
32. Schell MJ, Ochs JJ, Schriock EA, et al: A method of predicting adultheight and obesity in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblasticleukemia. J Clin Oncol 10:128–133, 1992
33. Schriock EA, Schell MJ, Carter M, et al: Abnormal growth patterns andadult short stature in 115 long-term survivors of childhood leukemia. J Clin Oncol9:400–405, 1991
34. Littman P, Coccia P, Bleyer WA, et al: Central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis in children with low risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13:1443–1449, 1987
35. Sullivan MP, Chen T, Dyment PG, et al: Equivalence of intrathecalchemotherapy and radiotherapy as central nervous system prophylaxis in childrenwith acute lymphatic leukemia: A Pediatric Oncology Group study. Blood 60:948–958, 1982
36. Tubergen DG, Gilchrist GS, O’Brien RT, et al: Prevention of CNS diseasein intermediate-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Comparison of cranial radiationand intrathecal methotrexate and the importance of systemic therapy – AChildren’s Cancer Group report. J Clin Oncol 11:520–526, 1993
37. Jones B, Freeman AI, Shuster JJ, et al: Lower incidence of meningealleukemia when prednisone is replaced by dexamethasone in the treatment ofacute lymphocytic leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol 19:269–275, 1991
38. Hijiya N, Hudson MM, Lensing S, et al: Cumulative incidence of secondaryneoplasms as a first event after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JAMA 297:1207–1215, 2007
39. Neglia JP, Meadows AT, Robison LL, et al: Second neoplasms after acutelymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. N Engl J Med 325:1330–1336, 1991
40. Relling MV, Rubnitz JE, Rivera GK, et al: High incidence of secondarybrain tumours after radiotherapy and antimetabolites. Lancet 354:34–39, 1999
41. Walter AW, Hancock ML, Pui CH, et al: Secondary brain tumors inchildren treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia at St Jude Children’s Research Hospital. J Clin Oncol 16:3761–3767, 1998
42. Pui CH, Behm FG, Raimondi SC, et al: Secondary acute myeloid leukemiain children treated for acute lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med 321:136–142, 1989
43. Pui CH, Ribeiro RC, Hancock ML, et al: Acute myeloid leukemia in childrentreated with epipodophyllotoxins for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 325:1682–1687, 1991
44. Smith MA, Rubinstein L, Anderson JR, et al: Secondary leukemia ormyelodysplastic syndrome after treatment with epipodophyllotoxins. J Clin Oncol 17:569–577, 1999
45. Winick N, Buchanan GR, Kamen BA: Secondary acute myeloid leukemiain Hispanic children. J Clin Oncol 11:1433, 1993
46. Winick NJ, McKenna RW, Shuster JJ, et al: Secondary acute myeloidleukemia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with etoposide. J Clin Oncol 11:209–217, 1993
47. Krischer JP, Epstein S, Cuthbertson DD, et al: Clinical cardiotoxicity following anthracycline treatment for childhood cancer: The Pediatric Oncology Group experience. J Clin Oncol 15:1544–1552, 1997
48. Lipshultz SE, Colan SD, Gelber RD, et al: Late cardiac effects ofdoxorubicin therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. N Engl J Med 324:808–815, 1991
49. Lipshultz SE, Lipsitz SR, Mone SM, et al: Female sex and drug dose as risk factors for late cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin therapy for childhood cancer. N Engl J Med 332:1738–1743, 1995
50. Lipshultz SE, Lipsitz SR, Sallan SE, et al: Chronic progressive cardiac dysfunction years after doxorubicin therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 23:2629–2636, 2005
51. Sorensen K, Levitt G, Bull C, et al: Anthracycline dose in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Issues of early survival versus late cardiotoxicity. J Clin Oncol 15:61–68, 1997
52. Barry EV, Vrooman LM, Dahlberg SE, et al: Absence of secondary malignant neoplasms in children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with dexrazoxane. J Clin Oncol 26:1106–1111, 2008
53. Lipshultz SE, Giantris AL, Lipsitz SR, et al: Doxorubicin administration by continuous infusion is not cardioprotective: The Dana-Farber 91–01 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia protocol. J Clin Oncol 20:1677–1682, 2002
54. Lipshultz SE, Rifai N, Dalton VM, et al: The effect of dexrazoxane on myocardial injury in doxorubicin-treated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 351:145–153, 2004
55. Lefrak EA, Pitha J, Rosenheim S, et al: A clinicopathologic analysis of adriamycincardiotoxicity. Cancer 32:302–314, 1973
56. Blanco JG, Sun CL, Landier W, et al: Anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy after childhood cancer: Role of polymorphisms in carbonyl reductase genes – A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 30:1415–1421, 2012
57. Hudson MM, Rai SN, Nunez C, et al: Noninvasive evaluation of late anthracycline cardiac toxicity in childhood cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 25:3635–3643, 2007
58. van der Pal HJ, van Dalen EC, van Delden E, et al: High risk of symptomatic cardiac events in childhood cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 30:1429–1437, 2012
59. Hudson MM: Survivors of childhood cancer: Coming of age. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 22:211–231, v-vi, 2008
60. Armstrong GT, Liu Q, Yasui Y, et al: Late mortality among 5‑year survivors of childhood cancer: A summary from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol 27:2328–2338, 2009
61. Christensen MS, Heyman M, Möttönen M, et al: Treatment-related death in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the Nordic countries: 1992–2001. Br J Haematol 131:50–58, 2005
62. Mertens AC, Liu Q, Neglia JP, et al: Cause-specific late mortality among 5‑year survivors of childhood cancer: The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:1368–1379, 2008
63. Mody R, Li S, Dover DC, et al: Twentyfive – year follow-up among survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Blood 111:5515–5523, 2008
64. Pui CH, Cheng C, Leung W, et al: Extended follow-up of long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 349:640–649, 2003
65. Pui CH, Pei D, Sandlund JT, et al: Risk of adverse events after completion of therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 23:7936–7941, 2005
66. Hudson MM, Mulrooney DA, Bowers DC, et al: High-risk populations identified in Childhood Cancer Survivor Study investigations: Implications for risk-based surveillance. J Clin Oncol 27:2405–2414, 2009
67. Armstrong GT, Reddick WE, Petersen RC, et al: Evaluation of memory impairment in aging adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with cranial radiotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 105:899–907, 2013
68. Kadan-Lottick NS, Brouwers P, Breiger D, et al: Comparison of neurocognitive functioning in children previously randomly assigned to intrathecal methotrexate compared with triple intrathecal therapy for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 27:5986–5992, 2009
69. Krull KR, Bhojwani D, Conklin HM, et al: Genetic mediators of neurocognitive outcomes in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 31:2182–2188, 2013
70. Krull KR, Zhang N, Santucci A, et al: Long-term decline in intelligence among adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with cranial radiation. Blood 122:550–553, 2013
71. Schuitema I, Deprez S, Van Hecke W, et al: Accelerated aging, decreased white matter integrity, and associated neuropsychological dysfunction 25 years after pediatric lymphoid malignancies. J Clin Oncol 31:3378–3388, 2013
72. Jones TS, Kaste SC, Liu W, et al: CRHR1 polymorphisms predict bone density in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 26:3031–3037, 2008
73. Kadan-Lottick NS, Dinu I, Wasilewski-Masker K, et al: Osteonecrosis in adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Oncol 26:3038–3045, 2008
74. Karimova EJ, Rai SN, Howard SC, et al: Femoral head osteonecrosis in pediatric and young adult patients with leukemia or lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 25:1525–1531, 2007
75. Kaste SC, Chesney RW, Hudson MM, et al: Bone mineral status during and after therapy of childhood cancer: An increasing population with multiple risk factors for impaired bone health. J Bone Miner Res 14:2010–2014, 1999
76. Kaste SC, Jones-Wallace D, Rose SR, et al: Bone mineral decrements in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Frequency of occurrence and risk factors for their development. Leukemia 15:728–734, 2001
77. Kaste SC, Rai SN, Fleming K, et al: Changes in bone mineral density in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 46:77–87, 2006
78. Mandel K, Atkinson S, Barr RD, et al: Skeletal morbidity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 22:1215–1221, 2004
79. Mattano LA Jr, Sather HN, Trigg ME, et al: Osteonecrosis as a complication of treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: A report from the Children’s Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 18:3262–3272, 2000
80. Niinimä ki RA, Harila-Saari AH, Jartti AE, et al: High body mass index increases the risk for osteonecrosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 25:1498–1504, 2007
81. Relling MV, Yang W, Das S, et al: Pharmacogenetic risk factors for osteonecrosis of the hip among children with leukemia. J Clin Oncol 22:3930–3936, 2004
82. Strauss AJ, Su JT, Dalton VM, et al: Bony morbidity in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 19:3066–3072, 2001
83. te Winkel ML, Pieters R, Hop WC, et al: Prospective study on incidence, risk factors, and long-term outcome of osteonecrosis in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 29:4143–4150, 2011
84. Oeffinger KC, Adams-Huet B, Victor RG, et al: Insulin resistance and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 27:3698–3704, 2009
85. Oeffinger KC, Mertens AC, Sklar CA, et al: Obesity in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol 21:1359–1365, 2003
86. Visscher H, Ross CJ, Rassekh SR, et al: Pharmacogenomic prediction of anthracycline-inducedcardiotoxicity in children. J Clin Oncol 30:1422–1428, 2012
87. Schmiegelow K, Levinsen MF, Attarbaschi A, et al: Second malignant neoplasms after treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 31:2469–2476, 2013
88. Evans WE, Crom WR, Abromowitch M, et al: Clinical pharmacodynamics of highdose methotrexate in acute lymphocytic leukemia: Identification of a relation between concentration and effect. N Engl J Med 314:471–477, 1986
89. Evans WE, Relling MV, Rodman JH, et al: Conventional compared with individualized chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 338:499–505, 1998
90. Kremer LC, Mulder RL, Oeffinger KC, et al: A worldwide collaboration to harmonize guidelines for the long-term follow-up of childhood and young adult cancer survivors: A report from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 60:543–549, 2013
91. Landier W, Bhatia S, Eshelman DA, et al: Development of risk-based guidelines for pediatric cancer survivors: The Children’s Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines from the Children’s Oncology
92. Group Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline. J Clin Oncol 22:4979–4990, 2004
93. Hudson MM, Ness KK, Gurney JG, et al: Clinical ascertainment of health outcomes among adults treated for childhood cancer. JAMA 309:2371–2381, 2013
94. Landier W, Armenian SH, Lee J, et al: Yield of screening for long-term complications using the Children’s Oncology Group long-term follow-up guidelines. J Clin Oncol 30:4401–4408, 2012
95. Lipshultz SE, Lipsitz SR, Sallan SE, et al: Long-term enalapril therapy for left ventricular dysfunction in doxorubicintreated survivors of childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol 20:4517–4522, 2002
96. Silber JH, Cnaan A, Clark BJ, et al: Enalapril to prevent cardiac function decline in long-term survivors of pediatric cancer exposed to anthracyclines. J Clin Oncol 22:820–828, 2004
97. Jansen NC, Kingma A, Schuitema A, et al: Neuropsychological outcome in chemotherapy-only-treated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 26:3025–3030, 2008
98. Spiegler BJ, Kennedy K, Maze R, et al: Comparison of long-term neurocognitive outcomes in young children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with cranial radiation or high-dose or very high-dose intravenous methotrexate. J Clin Oncol 24:3858–3864, 2006
99. Waber DP, Turek J, Catania L, et al: Neuropsychological outcomes from a randomized trial of triple intrathecal chemotherapy compared with 18 Gy cranial radiation as CNS treatment in acute lymphoblastic
100. leukemia: Findings from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 95–01. J Clin Oncol 25:4914–4921, 2007
101. Conklin HM, Reddick WE, Ashford J, et al: Long-term efficacy of methylphenidate in enhancing attention regulation, social skills, and academic abilities of childhood cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 28:4465–4472, 2010
102. Mulhern RK, Khan RB, Kaplan S, et al: Short-term efficacy of methylphenidate: A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial among survivors of childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol 22:4795–4803, 2004
103. Ambros PF, Ambros IM, Brodeur GM, et al: International consensus for neuroblastoma molecular diagnostics: Report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) Biology Committee. Br J Cancer 100:1471–1482, 2009
104. Cohn SL, Pearson AD, London WB, et al: The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) classification system: An INRG Task Force report. J Clin Oncol 27:289–297, 2009
105. Ellison DW, Kocak M, Dalton J, et al: Definition of disease-risk stratification groups in childhood medulloblastoma using combined clinical, pathologic, and molecular variables. J Clin Oncol 29:1400–1407, 2011
106. Vardiman JW, Thiele J, Arber DA, et al: The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: Rationale and important changes. Blood 114:937–951, 2009
107. Sandlund JT: Should adolescents with NHL be treated as old children or young adults? Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2007:297–303, 2007
108. Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al: Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study
109. Group. J Clin Oncol 23:7312–7321, 2005
110. Breneman JC, Lyden E, Pappo AS, et al: Prognostic factors and clinical outcomes in children and adolescents with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma: A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study IV. J Clin Oncol 21:78–84, 2003
111. Raney RB, Anderson JR, Barr FG, et al: Rhabdomyosarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma in the first two decades of life: A selective review of intergrouprhabdomyosarcoma study group experience and rationale for Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study V. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 23:215–220, 2001
112. Brown P, Small D: FLT3 inhibitors:A paradigm for the development of targeted therapeutics for paediatric cancer. Eur J Cancer 40:707–721; discussion 722–724, 2004
113. DuBois SG, Marina N, Glade-Bender J: Angiogenesis and vascular targeting in Ewing sarcoma: A review of preclinical and clinical data. Cancer 116:749–757, 2010
114. Thiele CJ, Li Z, McKee AE: On Trk – the TrkB signal transduction pathway is an increasingly important target in cancer biology. Clin Cancer Res 15:5962–5967, 2009
115. Yu AL, Gilman AL, Ozkaynak MF, et al: Anti-GD2 antibody with GM–CSF, interleukin-2, and isotretinoin for neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 363:1324–1334, 2010
116. Bautista F, Paci A, Minard-Colin V, et al: Vemurafenib in pediatric patients with BRAFV600E mutated high-grade gliomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer [epub ahead of print on December 3, 2013]
117. Fox E, Widemann BC, Chuk MK, et al: Vandetanib in children and adolescents with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B associated medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 19:4239–4248, 2013
118. Mosse´ YP, Lim MS, Voss SD, et al: Safety and activity of crizotinib for paediatric patients with refractory solid tumours or anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: A Children’s Oncology Group phase 1 consortium study. Lancet Oncol 14:472–480, 2013
119. National Cancer Institute: A snapshot of pediatric cancers. http://www.cancer.gov / researchandfunding / snapshots / pediatric
120. French D, Hamilton LH, Mattano LA Jr, et al: A PAI-1 (SERPINE1) polymorphism predicts osteonecrosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Blood 111:4496–4499, 2008
121. Kawedia JD, Kaste SC, Pei D, et al: Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, andpharmacogenetic determinants of osteonecrosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 117:2340–2347, 2011
122. Relling MV, Yanishevski Y, Nemec J, et al: Etoposide and antimetabolite pharmacology in patients who develop secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 12:346–352, 1998
123. Ross JA, Oeffinger KC, Davies SM, et al: Genetic variation in the leptin receptor gene and obesity in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol 22:3558–3562, 2004
124. Wang X, Liu W, Sun CL, et al: Hyaluronan synthase 3 variant and anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy: A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 32:647–653, 2014
Review
For citations:
Hudson M.M., Link M.P., Simone J.V. Milestones in the curability of pediatric cancers. Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2014;(4):32-40. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17650/2311-1267-2014-0-4-32-40